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REVIEW article

Front. Oral Health

Sec. Oral Health Promotion

Volume 6 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/froh.2025.1485028

Microbiological mechanisms of oral mucosal disease: oral-intestinal crosstalk and probiotic therapy

Provisionally accepted
Qi ZhouQi Zhou1Pan Pan LiuPan Pan Liu1Ni Mu ChenNi Mu Chen1Hao HeHao He2Rong Qian XuRong Qian Xu3Ting Meng XuTing Meng Xu2Feng Jian YuFeng Jian Yu3Tian Yu DengTian Yu Deng2Yu Jia YanYu Jia Yan2*Qiang Yue WenQiang Yue Wen4*
  • 1Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
  • 2Sichuan Provincial Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Chengdu, China
  • 3Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
  • 4School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China

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Balance of the oral-intestinal axis microbiota is essential for maintaining oral mucosal health. The occurrence of oral disease is closely linked to the microbiota, this disorder is closely related to the pathogenesis of oral mucosal diseases, such as oral lichen planus, recurrent aphthous ulcer, oral candidiasis and squamous-cell carcinoma. As a microorganism that is beneficial to host health, probiotics can show multi-dimensional therapeutic effects in oral mucosal diseases by targeting and regulating the immune microenvironment of the oral mucosa, inhibiting the colonization of pathogenic bacteria and repairing the barrier function.In this review, we will review the relevant roles that oral-gut microbial homeostasis plays in the pathogenesis of oral mucosal diseases and provide evidence for dysregulation of microbial homeostasis in patients with oral mucosal diseases, and explore specific probiotic strains by regulating oral and intestinal axis microbial homeostasis and host immune and inflammatory responses, in order to provide new ideas for the clinical treatment of oral mucosal diseases.

Keywords: Oral microbiota, intestinal microbiota, Oral-intestinal axis, Oral mucosal disease, Probiotics

Received: 23 Aug 2024; Accepted: 18 Jul 2025.

Copyright: © 2025 Zhou, Liu, Chen, He, Xu, Xu, Yu, Deng, Yan and Wen. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence:
Yu Jia Yan, Sichuan Provincial Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Chengdu, China
Qiang Yue Wen, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, Sichuan Province, China

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Supplementary Material