ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Oral Health
Sec. Oral Epidemiology
Volume 6 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/froh.2025.1557008
This article is part of the Research TopicBiocultural Perspectives on Oral Health DisparitiesView all articles
Education-and income-based inequalities of functional dentition by dental service utilization Education and income-based inequality of functional dentition
Provisionally accepted
Anna Rachel dos Santos SoaresCarlos Antonio Gomes da CruzMaria Luíza Viana FonsecaLíria Sheila Chamane
Loliza Luiz Figueiredo Houri Chalub*Raquel Conceição Ferreira- Department of Social and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Mato Grosso, Brazil
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Introduction: This study analyzed the magnitude of education-and income-based inequalities in functional dentition (FD) among Brazilian adults between 2013 and 2019, considering dental service utilization. Methods: This study based on repeated cross-sectional surveys using secondary data from a probabilistic sample of adults (18-59 years old) who participated in the 2013 and 2019 National Health Survey (NHS). Only individuals who reported having used dental services were included. FD was defined as having ≥ 21 teeth, based on self-reported tooth loss in the maxillary and mandibular arches. Variables included sex, age, education (years of study), and per capita family income (measured in minimum wages). Dental service utilization was assessed using the question "When was the last time you visited a dentist?" with responses dichotomized into "> 1 year" and "< 1 year". Absolute and relative inequalities in FD were assessed using the slope index of inequality (SII) and the relative index of inequality (RII), respectively, based on education and income. Generalized linear models (logbinomial regression) were applied with a logarithmic link function to estimate RII (rate ratios) and an identity link function to estimate SII (rate differences), adjusting for sex and age. Trends between 2013 and 2019 and differences in SII and RII by dental service utilization were assessed through two-way interaction terms in the models. All analyses accounted for the survey's complex sampling design and sample weights. Results: The prevalence of FD was 85.95% (2013) and 89.45% (2019) (p<0.001). SII and RII indicated greater FD prevalence among higher socioeconomic groups, with the magnitude of education-based inequality higher than income-based inequality. Education-based inequalities decreased from 2013 to 2019. Educational inequalities were more pronounced among those who used dental services > 1 year (p < 0.001), whereas income-based inequalities did not differ by dental service utilization (p>0.05). Conclusions: Despite the reduction in FD education-based inequality in Brazil, persistent disparities were observed between socioeconomic groups, with the lowest inequalities found among adults who used dental services < 1 year. This indicates the importance of interventions aimed at reducing barriers and promoting access to services for the most vulnerable populations.
Keywords: Oral Health, Healthcare Disparities, health inequality monitoring, Tooth Loss, adults, facilities and services utilization
Received: 07 Jan 2025; Accepted: 27 May 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Soares, Cruz, Fonseca, Chamane, Chalub and Ferreira. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Loliza Luiz Figueiredo Houri Chalub, Department of Social and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Mato Grosso, Brazil
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