REVIEW article
Front. Pharmacol.
Sec. Cardiovascular and Smooth Muscle Pharmacology
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1607415
Natural active herbal monomers for the treatment of thromboembolic diseases: A Review
Provisionally accepted
- 1Institute of Vascular Disease, Shanghai TCM- Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China, Shanghai, China
- 2Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Thromboembolism is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current methods of treating thromboembolism include anticoagulant therapy, thrombolytic therapy, and surgical removal of the thrombus. All of these treatments have some drawbacks, such as an increased risk of bleeding, limitation to fresh thrombus, and a high recurrence rate. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find effective and safe drugs for the treatment of thromboembolism. In recent years, it has been found that many natural active herbal monomers exhibit distinct advantages in treating this condition. In this review, the therapeutic effects of effective active monomers from natural herbs on thromboembolism, including flavonoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, and organic acids, were described. Furthermore, their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, inhibition of platelet aggregation and antithrombotic effects through nuclear factor NF-κB, ERK1/2, PI3K, Akt and other signaling pathways were systematically summarized. Altogether, this review provides a comprehensive summary of promising therapeutic candidate drugs for the treatment of thromboembolic diseases and aims to guide future preclinical and clinical research for novel, safe and effective antithrombotic therapies.
Keywords: Thromboembolism, Thrombosis, Natural herbal monomers, Small molecule compounds, Thromboembolism; Thrombosis; Natural herbal monomers; small molecule compounds;
Received: 07 Apr 2025; Accepted: 18 Aug 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Nie, Zhang, Shen-Yuan, Xi, Cao, Zhang and LI. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Yongbing Cao, Institute of Vascular Disease, Shanghai TCM- Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China, Shanghai, China
Li-Chao Zhang, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China
Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.