MINI REVIEW article
Front. Pharmacol.
Sec. Cardiovascular and Smooth Muscle Pharmacology
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1643056
This article is part of the Research TopicExercise as a Therapeutic Strategy for Reprogramming the Immune Response in Cardiovascular Disease ProgressionView all articles
Comparative Effects of Moderate and High-Intensity Training on Immune Activation in Myocarditis: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Evidence
Provisionally accepted
- 1Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- 2LMU Klinikum, Munich, Germany
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Exercise intensity plays a critical role in influencing immune responses during myocarditis, a condition characterized by inflammation of the cardiac tissue. Based on preclinical and clinical evidence, this review examines how moderate versus highintensity training affects immune activation in myocarditis. Studies involving animals suggest that moderate exercise may reduce inflammation and support immune regulation, while high-intensity training often exacerbates pro-inflammatory responses and worsens cardiac injury. Limited clinical data support these findings, indicating that moderate exercise could be safe or even beneficial in stable cases, whereas highintensity exercise poses risks, particularly during active disease. Understanding these contrasting effects is essential for developing exercise recommendations for patients with myocarditis, balancing the need for recovery with immune safety. Further research is necessary to identify optimal exercise strategies for this vulnerable population.
Keywords: Myocarditis, immune cell activation/modulation, moderate intensity activity, high intensity activity, clinical studies, preclinical studies
Received: 07 Jun 2025; Accepted: 05 Aug 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Ferraro, Buela Alvarado, Mink and Weckbach. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Bartolo Ferraro, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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