ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Psychiatry
Sec. Public Mental Health
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1626808
This article is part of the Research TopicPrevention-oriented suicide risk assessmentView all articles
Uncovering Key Biopsychosocial Risk Factors in Non-Violent Suicide Attempts: Evidence from a Hungarian Cross-Sectional Study
Provisionally accepted
- 1Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- 2University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Introduction: This Hungarian cross-sectional study examined patterns and differences in suicide risk factors across various suicidality groups, including individuals with single or multiple suicide attempts, as well as gender-specific variations. Additionally, it explored these risk factors within a biopsychosocial framework to offer a comprehensive understanding of their interconnected effects.A total of 300 psychiatric inpatients were recruited from Péterfy Alexander Hospital in Budapest, Hungary, including 146 individuals (48.67%) with a history of suicide attempts and 154 (51.33%) without such a history. Participants ranged in age from 18 to 85 years, with a mean age of 37.98 years (SD = 12.80 for suicide attempters, 13.72 for non-attempters). The overall sample comprised 83 males (27.7%) and 217 females (72.3%). Logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the influence of demographic characteristics, life history variables, and psychiatric diagnoses on suicide risk, aiming to identify significant predictors of suicide attempts within a biopsychosocial framework.Results: Major depressive disorder (OR = 4.064, p < 0.004) and family history of suicide (OR = 2.283, p = 0.015) emerged as the strongest predictors of suicide attempts, especially in cases of repeated attempts, across all models. These were followed by prescription drug misuse (OR = 2.740, p = 0.036) and nicotine dependence (OR = 1.869, p = 0.035). Gender differences were evident: substance use and bipolar disorder were more prominent risk factors among men, while women were more affected by socioeconomic stressors.Conclusions: Our research supports the notion that suicide risk factors interact with one another, and in certain cases, their effects may be synergistic-mutually reinforcing-rather than antagonistic. Similarly, protective factors also appear to amplify each other's impact, suggesting a cumulative and interactive model of both risk and resilience.
Keywords: suicide risk, psychiatric disorders, gender differences, single and multiple attempters, suicide prevention
Received: 11 May 2025; Accepted: 16 Jul 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Szeifert, Oláh, Sebők and Gonda. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Noémi Szeifert, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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