A Virtual Reality-Based Multimodal Framework for Adolescent Depression Screening Using Machine Learning

Yizhen Wu¹Yuling Qiao²Licheng Wu¹Minglin Gao¹Tsz Yiu Wong¹Jingyun Li¹Zhimeng Wang³Xu Zhao³Hui Zhao^1*Xiwang Fan^1*

• ¹School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
• ²East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
• ³Beijing Normal University Department of Psychology, Beijing, China

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) in adolescents poses an increasing global health concern, yet current screening practices rely heavily on subjective reports. Virtual reality (VR), integrated with multimodal physiological sensing (EEG+ET+HRV), offers a promising pathway for more objective diagnostics. Methods: In this case-control study, 51 adolescents diagnosed with first-episode MDD and 64 healthy controls participated in a 10-minute VR-based emotional task. Electroencephalography (EEG), eye-tracking (ET), and heart rate variability (HRV) data were collected in real-time. Key physiological differences were identified via statistical analysis, and a support vector machine (SVM) model was trained to classify MDD status based on selected features. Results: Adolescents with MDD showed significantly higher EEG theta/beta ratios, reduced saccade counts, longer fixation durations, and elevated HRV LF/HF ratios (all p < .05). The theta/beta and LF/HF ratios were both significantly associated with depression severity. The SVM model achieved 81.7% classification accuracy with an AUC of 0.921. Conclusions: The proposed VR-based multimodal system identified robust physiological biomarkers associated with adolescent MDD and demonstrated strong diagnostic performance. These findings support the utility of immersive, sensor-integrated platforms in early mental health screening and intervention. Future work may explore integrating the proposed multimodal system into wearable or mobile platforms for scalable, real-world mental health screening.