SYSTEMATIC REVIEW article
Front. Psychiatry
Sec. Personality Disorders
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1673139
The associations between personality functioning (Criterion A) and pathological personality traits (Criterion B) in the alternative model for personality disorders in DSM-5 (DSM-5 AMPD): A meta-analysis
Provisionally accepted
- UiT Norges arktiske universitet, Tromsø, Norway
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Abstract The Alternative Model for Personality Disorders in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5 AMPD) requires the assessment of personality functioning (Criterion A) using the Level of Personality Functioning Scale (LPFS) and the presence of pathological personality traits (Criterion B), operationalized with the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5). Several studies have investigated the associations between the LPFS and the PID-5 personality traits as well as the normal-range personality traits of the five-factor model of personality (FFM). The goal of the present study was to meta-analytically integrate the findings of these studies to examine the extent to which the LPFS is related to the PID-5 and FFM traits. A systematic literature search was conducted in the databases PsycInfo, Medline, Embase, and Web of Science for studies providing information about the correlations of measures of the LPFS with versions of the PID-5 in adult samples, resulting in data from 44 studies and 47 independent samples that were used in the analyses. The bivariate correlations of scales measuring the LPFS with measures of the PID-5 and FFM traits were meta-analytically pooled. The results showed medium to large weighted average correlations between the LPFS total score and the PID-5 traits, ranging from .44 (antagonism) to .64 (detachment). Overall lower correlations were found of the LPFS with the FFM traits. Tentative explanations for these associations are discussed, and suggestions to reduce it – including potential modifications to one or both criteria – are presented.
Keywords: DSM-5 AMPD, Personality dysfunction, personality traits, LPFS, PID-5, FFM
Received: 25 Jul 2025; Accepted: 08 Sep 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Thimm. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Jens Thimm, UiT Norges arktiske universitet, Tromsø, Norway
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