Differential effects of a single dose of Lisdexamfetamine and Guanfacine on cognitive function in children with ADHD

Sahid El Masri^1,2*Olivia Kowalczyk^2,3Tsz Hei Chiu²Marion Criaud²Steve Lukito²Ndabezinhle Mazibuko³Gonzalo Salazar De Pablo^2,4Violeta Perez-Rodriguez^2,5Orsolya Makos²Sheut-Ling Lam²Samuel Westwood²Alexander Eaton-Turner²Natali Bozhilova²Aldo Alberto Conti²Paramala Janardhanan Santosh²Veit Roessner²Gregor Kohls^1,2Mitul Ashok Mehta³Katya Rubia^2*

• ¹Technische Universitat Dresden, Dresden, Germany
• ²King's College London Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
• ³King's College London Department of Neuroimaging, London, United Kingdom
• ⁴Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Maranon, Madrid, Spain
• ⁵King's College London Department of Psychosis Studies, London, United Kingdom

Background: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with cognitive difficulties which improve with traditional stimulant and non-stimulant medications. However, there is limited evidence on the cognitive effects of the newer licensed stimulant lisdexamfetamine and non-stimulant guanfacine in children with ADHD. Therefore, we compared differential single-dose effects of lisdexamfetamine and guanfacine on cognitive performance in youth with ADHD. Methods: In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over design, 22 children with ADHD were tested in tasks of sustained attention, vigilance, motor and interference inhibition, and time discrimination after single doses of guanfacine extended release, lisdexamfetamine, and placebo, with weekly washouts. Across tasks, composite measures of mean reaction time (MRT), intra-subject reaction time variability (coefficient of variation; CV), thought to reflect inattention, and premature responses were analyzed. Age-, IQ-, and sex-matched typically developing youth were assessed once without medication to test for potential drug normalization effects on performance differences compared to participants with ADHD on placebo. Results: Lisdexamfetamine significantly improved MRT and CV, while guanfacine worsened CV, compared with placebo and the other drug, with large effects. Although not reaching significance, there were moderate to large effects for lisdexamfetamine improving time discrimination and omission errors and for guanfacine to worsen omission errors relative to placebo and the other drug. Conclusion: These differential effects of lisdexamfetamine improving MRT and CV, while guanfacine worsening CV are clinically relevant, because they are the most replicated cognitive impairments in youth with ADHD. Findings suggest that guanfacine, unlike lisdexamfetamine, may not improve attention in children and adolescents with ADHD.