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CORRECTION article

Front. Psychiatry, 25 September 2025

Sec. Neurostimulation

Volume 16 - 2025 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1700480

Correction: New insights into the mechanisms of electroconvulsive therapy in treatment-resistant depression

This article is a correction to:

  1. New insights into the mechanisms of electroconvulsive therapy in treatment-resistant depression

    1. Read original article
Ana C. RuizAna C. Ruiz1Abdul HaseebAbdul Haseeb1William BaumgartnerWilliam Baumgartner2Edison LeungEdison Leung1Giselli Scaini,,,*Giselli Scaini1,2,3,4*Joao Quevedo,,,,*Joao Quevedo1,2,3,4,5*
  • 1Center for Interventional Psychiatry, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, United States
  • 2Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, United States
  • 3Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, United States
  • 4Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
  • 5Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil

A Correction on
New insights into the mechanisms of electroconvulsive therapy in treatment-resistant depression

By Ruiz AC, Haseeb A, Baumgartner W, Leung E, Scaini G and Quevedo J (2025). Front. Psychiatry 16:1614076. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1614076

There was a mistake in Figure 1 as published. Panel is currently labeled “Ischemic Stroke,” but it should correctly read “Functional Level”. The corrected Figure 1 appears below.

Figure 1
Diagram illustrating the effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) on the brain. It is divided into three levels: Molecular and Cellular (neurotrophic factors, immune modulation, epigenetic changes, neurotransmitter regulation), Structural (brain volume increase, microstructural integrity, neurogenesis), and Functional (connectivity modulation, network reorganization). These changes lead to clinical improvement, depicted with upward arrows and a heart symbol.

Figure 1. Mechanisms underlying electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)-induced clinical improvement. Schematic illustration summarizing the multilevel mechanisms through which electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may lead to clinical improvement in individuals with treatment-resistant depression. At the molecular and cellular level, ECT enhances neurotrophic factor expression, modulates immune responses, induces epigenetic modifications, and regulates neurotransmitter systems. At the structural level, ECT has been associated with regional brain volume increases, improved microstructural integrity, and adult neurogenesis, particularly in the hippocampus. Finally, ECT influences functional connectivity and brain network organization. Together, these converging effects contribute to clinical improvement in depressive symptoms.

The original version of this article has been updated.

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All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Keywords: electroconvulsive therapy, major depressive disorder, treatment-resistant depression, interventional psychiatry, neuromodulation

Citation: Ruiz AC, Haseeb A, Baumgartner W, Leung E, Scaini G and Quevedo J (2025) Correction: New insights into the mechanisms of electroconvulsive therapy in treatment-resistant depression. Front. Psychiatry 16:1700480. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1700480

Received: 06 September 2025; Accepted: 15 September 2025;
Published: 25 September 2025.

Edited and reviewed by:

Jeroen Antonius Van Waarde, Rijnstate Hospital, Netherlands

Copyright © 2025 Ruiz, Haseeb, Baumgartner, Leung, Scaini and Quevedo. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Joao Quevedo, Sm9hby5MLkRlUXVldmVkb0B1dGgudG1jLmVkdQ==; Giselli Scaini, R2lzZWxsaS5TY2FpbmlAdXRoLnRtYy5lZHU=

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.