ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Vet. Sci.
Sec. Animal Nutrition and Metabolism
This article is part of the Research TopicInnovative Solutions in Animal Nutrition to Enhance the Sustainability of the Zootechnical Production SystemView all 12 articles
Dietary energy levels regulate feed intake of broilers through the brain-gut axis
Provisionally accepted
- 1Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
- 2Yibin University, Yibin, China
- 3West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Background: Feed intake (FI) in broilers is significantly influenced by dietary energy levels through the brain-gut axis (BGA), profoundly affecting growth performance. The mechanisms underlying dietary energy regulation of FI and intestinal health via BGA remain unclear. Aim: This study investigated the effects of low- (LED, 2900 kcal/kg), medium- (MED, 3200 kcal/kg), and high-energy diets (HED, 3500 kcal/kg) on BGA function over 21 days. Results: We found that increasing dietary energy reduced FI but increased body weight gain and improved feed conversion ratio. MED elevated anorexigenic hormones (serum CCK, hypothalamic POMC) and suppressed orexigenic hormones (serum orexin, hypothalamic AgRP and NPY). HED further enhanced anorexigenic signals (serum PYY, intestinal CCK and PYY) and strongly inhibited orexigenic factors. Both MED and HED activated the hypothalamic Rac1/PI3K/SF1 pathway, upregulating phosphorylated proteins and SF1 expression in the ventromedial hypothalamus. Importantly, MED promoted cecal microbiota balance, whereas HED impaired intestinal barrier function (ZO-1) and induced inflammation. Conclusion: These results suggest that dietary energy levels modulate FI through BGA remodeling, integrating appetite hormones, hypothalamic signaling, and gut health, with high-energy diets increasing weight at the expense of intestinal integrity. Future studies could examine long-term effects and explore targeted interventions to maintain growth while protecting intestinal integrity under high-energy feeding.
Keywords: Appetite-regulating hormones, broiler, feed intake, gut health, hypothalamic Rac1/PI3K/SF1 signaling pathway
Received: 29 Aug 2025; Accepted: 27 Jan 2026.
Copyright: © 2026 yang, Zhou, Liu, Huang, Zhang and Lv. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Li Lv
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