ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Vet. Sci.
Sec. Animal Reproduction - Theriogenology
Comparative Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Uterine Torsion in Camels, Buffaloes, and Cattle: A Multicenter Study
Provisionally accepted
- 1Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
- 2Minia University, Minya, Egypt
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Background: Uterine torsion is a leading cause of dystocia in large domestic animals. However, there is no systematic comparison of its clinical presentation, epidemiological data, risk factors, or outcomes in camelids, buffalo, and cattle. Methods: Between 2008 and 2023, data were collected from closed and open housing systems in multiple regions (Qassim region, Saudi Arabia and Minia Governorate, Egypt). A total of 3,557 camels (Camelus dromedarius), 7,157 buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), and 5,251 cattle (Bos indicus) were examined. Detailed clinical records from 80, 262, and 129 diagnosed torsion cases were examined for parity, torsion characteristics, intervention methods, and survival outcomes. Logistic regression models were used to determine risk factors for fetal and maternal mortality. Results: Closed housing led to significantly higher rates of uterine torsion in all species (P < 0.001), with multiparous females being more likely to experience it. Gestational timing, torsion direction, anatomical location, and severity all differed significantly between species. Torsion occurred primarily during parturition in camels and cattle, but was evenly distributed between late gestation and parturition in buffaloes. Despite left-horn pregnancies, camels exhibited almost exclusively right-sided torsion, whereas buffaloes and cattle exhibited torsion in the direction of the gravid horn. Camels (96.3%) and buffaloes (98.6%) had more post-cervical torsion, whereas cattle had a higher rate of pre-cervical torsion (35.7%). Camels had the highest percentage of severe torsion (85.0%), buffaloes had severe (45.8%) and moderate (48.9%) torsions, and cattle had moderate (67.4%) to mild (24.8%) torsions. Severe torsion and delayed intervention (>48 h) were the strongest risk factors for fetal and maternal mortality across all species. Conclusion: This study reveals significant species-specific differences in the clinical presentation and epidemiology of uterine torsion. The identified patterns in timing, direction, location, and severity provide critical evidence for developing tailored diagnostic and management strategies in camels, buffaloes, and cattle.
Keywords: Buffalo, camel, Cattle, Clinical features, Prevalence, Risk factors, species comparison, Uterine torsion
Received: 17 Jan 2026; Accepted: 13 Feb 2026.
Copyright: © 2026 Ali, Derar, Rawy and Alharbi. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Yousef Alharbi
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