No-Touch Sequential Saphenous Venous Harvesting Technique in Off-Pump Bypass Surgery: A Retrospective Study

Introduction

Coronary artery disease is a serious threat to human health, especially complex coronary artery disease. At present, CABG is a good remedy for coronary artery diseases that are difficult to manage with interventional treatment. For CABG, the short-term and long-term patency rates are closely related to quality of life (1, 2). Additionally, the patency rates of grafts are closely related to the choice of vascular materials, of which the internal mammary artery is undoubtedly the best (3). An increasing number of studies have shown that the patency rate of the radial artery is also considerable (4). However, arterial materials have some disadvantages, such as easy spasm, limited length, and high occlusion rate when the target vessel stenosis is <90% (5). Therefore, the proportion of procedures using the great saphenous vein remains high. However, the great saphenous vein has relatively low short-term and long-term patency rates is prone to occlusion, so it is important to determine ways to improve the patency rate of vein grafts (6). In the mid-1990s, a team of Swedish experts proposed harvesting the great saphenous vein with pedicle tissue, that is, retaining part of the surrounding tissue in the process of harvesting the great saphenous vein and not expanding the vein manually after harvesting (7). The pedicled SV grafts are probably more durable than skeletonized (conventional) venous segments. They also conducted a short-term and long-term follow-up study that showed that the short-term and long-term patency rates of the great saphenous vein obtained by NT harvesting were higher than those obtained by the conventional procedure, especially in the long-term follow-up (8, 9). Some studies have showed that the NT grafts have excellent patency similar to that of radial artery (RA) grafts in long-term (10). NT technology is undoubtedly of great help in improving the patency rate of venous grafts (11–13).

As technological innovations continue to be developed, CABG has been increasingly performed in off-pump mode, which not only allows for faster patient recovery but also results in fewer post-operative complications (14). In addition, many studies have shown that there is no substantial difference between single vein and sequential vein grafts (15–17). Previous studies mainly used NT technology in on-pump CABG, and most of the vein grafts were single vein grafts. Therefore, this study retrospectively analyzed the safety and effectiveness of sequential vein grafts harvested by NT technology in off-pump CABG.

Methods

Patient Characteristics

From 2017 to 2019, 615 patients were selected, including 165 patients treated with NT technology and 450 patients with conventional technology. Finally, a total of 505 patients were included in the study. As shown in Figure 1, a total of 150 patients were enrolled in the NT group, and 355 patients were enrolled in the CON group. The baseline data of the two groups were compared. There were differences in sex, body mass index (BMI), smoking, hypertension, previous percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) history and New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification between the two groups. After applying propensity score matching (1:1 matching), 148 patients were included in each group. There was no significant difference in the baseline data of the matched groups, as shown in Table 1.

FIGURE 1

Figure 1. Summary flow diagram of enrolled patients. CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; SV, saphenous vein; RA, radial artery; CCTA, cardiac computed tomography angiography; NT, no touch technique; CON, conventional technique.

TABLE 1

Table 1. Preoperative characteristics and risk factors of study patients.

Operative Strategies

NT Group

When harvesting the great saphenous vein, ~0.5 cm of tissue on both sides of the main vein was preserved without destroying the adventitia. The visible branches of the main vein were ligated with ligation wire, and the left and right sides were clamped with silver clips, as shown in Figure 2. After the vein was obtained, it was stored in a mixture of heparin and papaverine without manual dilation. After anastomosing with the proximal end of the ascending aorta, the blood pressure of the ascending aorta was used to check whether there was branch leakage in the main vein. If so, silver clips were used for clamping. After all anastomoses were completed, the sequential venous graft was checked again for blood leakage.

FIGURE 2

Figure 2. Conventional technology.

CON Group

When obtaining the great saphenous vein, the surrounding tissue was not preserved, and the branches were treated in the same way as in the NT group. After harvesting, the vein was manually dilated with a syringe filled with heparin saline to check for branch leakage, as shown in Figure 3. The remaining operation procedures were the same as those used for the NT group.

FIGURE 3

Figure 3. No-touch technology.

CCTA Evaluation of Graft Patency

One year after the operation, cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA) was performed to evaluate the patency rate of the sequential venous grafts. The venous patency rate was evaluated by the FitzGibbon classification system (18). FitzGibbon-A refers to a wide range of unobstructed grafts or <50% narrow grafts; FitzGibbon-B is a limited flow graft with a narrowing higher than 50%. FitzGibbon-O refers to an occlusive graft without blood flow. In this study, FitzGibbon-A/B was used for patency, and FitzGibbon-O was used for graft failure. The diseased graft was also regarded as a lesion if the lesion was located at the proximal/distal anastomosis site or the graft trunk.

Evaluation of Clinical Outcomes

First, the incidence of post-operative complications, such as atrial fibrillation, acute kidney injury, and reoperation, was compared between the two groups. In addition, leg wound complications 3 months after the operation and the occurrence of MACCEs 1 year after the operation were evaluated.

Statistical Analysis

SPSS 22.0 for Mac (IBM SPSS Statistics) was used for statistical analyses. Continuous variables are reported as the mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range) (IQR). Categorical variables were reported as the absolute frequency and as a percentage. Student's t-test was applied for continuous data with equal or unequal variances. The Mann-Whitney U test was applied for continuous data that were not normally distributed. Pearson's χ² and Fisher's exact tests were used for categorical data. Statistical significance was accepted at p < 0.05.

Results

One Year CCTA Results

There was no significant difference in the patency rates of the sequential vein grafts, internal mammary artery grafts or total grafts between the two groups 1 year after the operation [before matching: sequential vein grafting, NT: 7.1% (10/141) vs. CON: 11.5% (38/331), p = 0.149; internal mammary artery grafting, NT: 1.5% (2/136) vs. CON: 3.8% (12/317), p = 0.313; total grafting, NT: 4.7% (13/277) vs. CON: 7.7% (50/648), p = 0.095, as shown in Figure 4; after matching: sequential vein grafting, NT: 7.1% (10/140) vs. CON: 7.3% (9/124), p = 0.971; internal mammary artery grafting, NT: 1.5% (2/135) vs. CON: 2.6% (3/117), p = 0.666; total grafting, NT: 7.4% (13/275) vs. CON: 5.0% (12/241), p = 0.299], as shown in Figure 5. In addition, the patency rates of the left anterior descending branch (LAD), left circumflex branch (LCX) and right coronary artery (RCA) territories were not significantly different between the two groups, as shown in Table 2.

FIGURE 4

Figure 4. Comparison of patency rate before matching.

FIGURE 5

Figure 5. Comparison of patency rate after matching.

TABLE 2

Table 2. 1-year CCTA patency rates of the grafts and the coronary artery territories.

Early Clinical Hospital Outcomes

There was no difference in atrial fibrillation, acute kidney injury, reoperation or intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) implantation between the two groups. Before matching, there were differences in the number of blood transfusions [NT: 15 (10.0%) vs. CON: 98 (27.6%), p < 0.001], ventilation time [NT: 17.0 (13.0, 21.6) vs. CON: 19.0 (15.0, 27.0), p < 0.001], and intensive care unit (ICU) stay [NT: 25.1 (20.0, 42.0) vs. CON: 34.1 (22.0, 50.2), p < 0.001]. After matching, there was no difference in ventilator time [NT: 17.0 (12.9, 21.4) vs. CON: 17.0 (14.0, 20.4), p = 0.398] or ICU stay [NT: 24.4 (20.0, 42.0) vs. CON: 23.0 (20.2, 39.7), p = 0.693]. However, differences remained in the number of blood transfusions between the two groups [NT: 15 (10.1%) vs. CON: 37 (25.0%), p = 0.001], as shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3

Table 3. Comparison of early results in hospital.

Main Clinical 1-Year Outcomes

There was no significant difference in the composite clinical end points between the two groups before matching [NT: 3 (2.3%) vs. CON: 9 (2.8%), p = 1.000] or after matching [NT: 3 (2.3%) vs. CON: 3 (2.5%), p = 1.000]. However, there were differences in leg wound complications 3 months after the operation between the two groups, both before [NT: 9 (6.9%) vs. CON: 6 (1.9%), p = 0.007] and after matching [NT: 9 (6.9%) vs. CON: 2 (1.7%), p = 0.043], as shown in Table 4. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in leg wound complications after 1-year follow-up.

TABLE 4

Table 4. Main outcomes and adverse event at 1-year.

Discussion

This study retrospectively analyzed the application of the no-touch technique in off-pump bypass surgery with sequential vein grafts. The results indicate that this method is safe and effective. We compared the patency rate and MACCEs for sequential vein grafts harvested by the NT technique and conventional technique 1 year after the operation. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups, suggesting that the use of sequential vein grafts harvested by the NT method in off-pump bypass is reasonable.

Our results suggest that NT harvesting is superior to conventional method in terms of post-operative blood transfusion. The difference in post-operative blood transfusion between the two groups is not due to blood loss from venous tissue, but when the hemoglobin of post-operative patients is low (generally <7.0g/L). The difference in post-operative blood transfusion between the two groups is not entirely due to leg bleeding. However, regarding leg wound complications 3 months after surgery, NT harvesting was disadvantageous compared with conventional way as shown in Figures 6, 7. It is also easy to understand that some tissues, such as some small nutrient vessels and fat, are dissociated in the process of NT-based harvesting, which increases the duration of the leg wound healing process. Our findings are similar to those of previous studies. The incidence of poor wound healing after the NT harvesting is higher than that of the conventional great saphenous vein harvesting (9). In some previous studies (19), a drainage tube was used in the wound of the great saphenous vein after the vein was harvested by NT harvesting. Their results indicate that there was no significant difference in the occurrence of wound complications after drainage tube placement between NT and conventional method. This provides good guidance for the treatment of leg wounds after harvesting the great saphenous vein with NT method.

FIGURE 6

Figure 6. Comparison of leg wounds before matching.

FIGURE 7

Figure 7. Comparison of leg wounds after matching.

Previous studies showed that the vein grafts obtained by NT harvesting were mostly single vein grafts, and the most common surgery was on-pump CABG (7, 9, 20, 21). This is different from our study; we used all sequential vein grafts, and all procedures were off-pump CABG. Sequential vein grafts can preserve vein length, and off-pump bypass grafting can accelerate post-operative recovery and reduce the incidence of post-operative complications. In our study, there was no significant difference in the patency rate of sequential venous grafts between the two groups after 1 year of CCTA follow-up. In addition, there was no significant difference in the incidence of MACCEs between the two groups at the 1-year follow-up. This is basically consistent with previous studies. It has been proven that the application of sequential vein grafts harvested by NT technology in off-pump bypass surgery is safe and effective. Long-term differences between the two still need to be followed up in the future.

As we know, many patients with coronary heart disease have peripheral vascular disease at the same time. Therefore, their vascular tissue is very fragile, it is easy to damage the venous branches during acquisition, and the surrounding tissues can not be fully nourished due to the poor peripheral vascular blood supply conditions. For such patients, the less tissue damage when obtaining leg veins, the more favorable it is for the healing of leg wounds. NT method is very suitable for patients with severe peripheral vascular diseases.

Our study is a retrospective study, which implies a certain selection bias. In addition, our follow-up time was not sufficiently long. In the Souza study, we can see that the advantages of NT harvesting are gradually reflected in the longer follow-up time. In the future, we will continue to follow the patients for 3, 5, 10 years or even longer. In addition, the selection of a larger sample size and use of prospective research should be implemented, which we will strive to achieve in the future.

With the increasing number of off-pump CABG procedures, the expectations for the long-term graft patency rate are increasing. The application of sequential venous grafts harvested by NT in off-pump CABG is worthy of exploration and may provide better surgical treatment for patients with coronary artery disease.

Conclusions

The application of the NT harvesting in off-pump CABG with sequential vein grafts is safe and effective. NT method has disadvantages in leg wound.

Data Availability Statement

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

Ethics Statement

The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Institutional Ethics Committee of Beijing Anzhen Hospital. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual (s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.

Author Contributions

RD and JZ were responsible for the design, supervision of the study, and revision of the manuscript. XH drafted the manuscript. ZH and KZ designed a statistical plan. YL and TL participated in the revision of the manuscript and the coordination of the study. YZ and BS participated in data acquisition. All authors read and agreed to the final manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 81570373 and 81770412). The funding units did not participate in the design of the study and the implementation of related measures.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher's Note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Acknowledgments

We thank all the patients who participated in the trial.

Abbreviations

SVG, Saphenous vein graft; NT, No touch technique; CON, Conventional technique; CABG, Coronary artery bypass grafting; MACCEs, Major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events; RA, Radial artery; BMI, Body mass index; PCI, Percutaneous coronary intervention; NYHA, New York Heart Association; CCTA, cardiac computed tomography angiography; IQR, Interquartile range; LAD, Left anterior descending branch; LCX, Left circumflex branch; RCA, Right coronary artery; IABP, Intra-aortic balloon pump; ICU, Intensive care unit.

References

1. Samano N, Bodin L, Karlsson J, Geijer H, Arbeus M, Souza D. Graft patency is associated with higher health-related quality of life after coronary artery bypass surgery. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. (2017) 24:388–94. doi: 10.1093/icvts/ivw372

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

2. Johansson BL, Souza DS, Bodin L, Filbey D, Bojo L. No touch vein harvesting technique for CABG improves the long-term clinical outcome. Scand Cardiovasc J. (2009) 43:63–8. doi: 10.1080/14017430802140104

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

3. Hlatky MA, Boothroyd DB, Reitz BA, Shilane DA, Baker LC, Go AS. Adoption and effectiveness of internal mammary artery grafting in coronary artery bypass surgery among Medicare beneficiaries. J Am Coll Cardiol. (2014) 63:33–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.08.1632

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

4. Tranbaugh RF, Dimitrova KR, Friedmann P, Geller CM, Harris LJ, Stelzer P, et al. Coronary artery bypass grafting using the radial artery: clinical outcomes, patency, and need for reintervention. Circulation. (2012) 126 (11 Suppl. 1):S170–5. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.083048

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

5. Gaudino M, Benedetto U, Fremes S, Biondi-Zoccai G, Sedrakyan A, Puskas JD, et al. Radial-artery or saphenous-vein grafts in coronary-artery bypass surgery. N Engl J Med. (2018) 378:2069–77. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1716026

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

6. Lopes RD, Mehta RH, Hafley GE, Williams JB, Mack MJ, Peterson ED, et al. Relationship between vein graft failure and subsequent clinical outcomes after coronary artery bypass surgery. Circulation. (2012) 125:749–56. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.040311

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

7. Souza DS, Johansson B, Bojo L, Karlsson R, Geijer H, Filbey D, et al. Harvesting the saphenous vein with surrounding tissue for CABG provides long-term graft patency comparable to the left internal thoracic artery: results of a randomized longitudinal trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. (2006) 132:373–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.04.002

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

8. Samano N, Geijer H, Liden M, Fremes S, Bodin L, Souza D. The no-touch saphenous vein for coronary artery bypass grafting maintains a patency, after 16 years, comparable to the left internal thoracic artery: a randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. (2015) 150:880–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.07.027

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

9. Deb S, Singh SK, de Souza D, Chu MW, Whitlock R, Meyer SR, et al. SUPERIOR SVG: no touch saphenous harvesting to improve patency following coronary bypass grafting (a multi-Centre randomized control trial, NCT01047449). J Cardiothor Surg. (2019) 14:85. doi: 10.1186/s13019-019-0887-x

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

10. Dreifaldt M, Mannion JD, Geijer H, Lidén M, Bodin L, Souza D. The no-touch saphenous vein is an excellent alternative conduit to the radial artery 8 years after coronary artery bypass grafting: a randomized trial. J Thor Cardiovasc Surg. (2019) 161:624–30. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2019.09.177

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

11. Dreifaldt M, Mannion JD, Bodin L, Olsson H, Zagozdzon L, Souza D. The no-touch saphenous vein as the preferred second conduit for coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. (2013) 96:105–11. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2013.01.102

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

12. Papakonstantinou NA, Baikoussis NG, Goudevenos J, Papadopoulos G, Apostolakis E. Novel no touch technique of saphenous vein harvesting: is great graft patency rate provided? Ann Card Anaesth. (2016) 19:481–8. doi: 10.4103/0971-9784.185537

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

13. Kopjar T, Dashwood MR, Dreifaldt M, de Souza DR. No-touch saphenous vein as an important conduit of choice in coronary bypass surgery. J Thorac Dis. (2018) 10 (Suppl. 26):S3292–6. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2018.08.127

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

14. Byrne JG, Leacche M. Off-pump CABG surgery “no-touch” technique to reduce adverse neurological outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol. (2017) 69:937–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.12.015

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

15. Al-Ruzzeh S, George S, Bustami M, Nakamura K, Khan S, Yacoub M, et al. The early clinical and angiographic outcome of sequential coronary artery bypass grafting with the off-pump technique. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. (2002) 123:525–30. doi: 10.1067/mtc.2002.119059

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

16. Ji Q, Song K, Xia L, Shi Y, Ma R, Shen J, et al. Sequential saphenous vein coronary bypass grafting. Int Heart J. (2018) 59:1211–8. doi: 10.1536/ihj.17-639

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

17. Park SJ, Kim HJ, Kim JB, Jung SH, Choo SJ, Lee JW, et al. Sequential versus individual saphenous vein grafting during coronary arterial bypass surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. (2019) 109:1165–73. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2019.07.094

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

18. Fitzgibbon GM, Kafka HP, Leach AJ, Keon WJ, Hooper GD, Burton JR. Coronary bypass graft fate and patient outcome: angiographic follow-up of 5,065 grafts related to survival and reoperation in 1,388 patients during 25 years. J Am Coll Cardiol. (1996) 28:616–26. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(96)00206-9

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

19. Kim YH, Oh HC, Choi JW, Hwang HY, Kim KB. No-touch saphenous vein harvesting may improve further the patency of saphenous vein composite grafts: early outcomes and 1-year angiographic results. Ann Thorac Surg. (2017) 103:1489–97. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.09.024

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

20. Samano N, Geijer H, Bodin L, Arbeus M, Mannion JD, Dashwood M, et al. The no-touch saphenous vein graft in elderly coronary bypass patients with multiple comorbidities is a promising conduit to substitute the left internal thoracic artery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. (2017) 154:457–66.e453. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.03.048

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

21. Janiec M, Friberg O, Thelin S. Long-term clinical outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting with pedicled saphenous vein grafts. J Cardiothorac Surg. (2018) 13:122. doi: 10.1186/s13019-018-0800-z

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar