Lingfei Wang1†Fangyuan Dong2†Jie Su3Guanjun Du4Yang Shao4,5Ying Liu1Xuequn He1
Liubin Bao1Wei Wang1Xin Guo1
Xi Wang1*- 1Department of Oncology, The 903rd Hospital of PLA, Hangzhou, China
- 2Department of Breast Medicine, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shengyang, China
- 3Department of Pathology, The 903rd Hospital of PLA, Hangzhou, China
- 4Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, China
- 5School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations are common in non-small cell lung cancers, but rare in small cell lung cancers (SCLCs). In previous reports, some SCLC patients with EGFR mutations could benefit from EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). In this study, we reported a case in which an SCLC patient with EGFR exon 19 deletion (19-Del) mutation did not benefit from EGFR-TKIs. Interestingly, the standard treatment strategies for SCLC also failed to control tumor progression. Moreover, we screened 43 SCLC patients in China and found that the frequency of EGFR mutations in Chinese SCLC patients was about 4.65% by next-generation sequencing (NGS). Collectively, this case illustrated a rare subtype of SCLCs which harbored EGFR mutations and was intrinsically resistant to standard treatments and EGFR-TKIs. We also tried to explore the mechanisms underlying drug resistance. The literature concerning SCLCs with EGFR mutations is reviewed.
Introduction
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations are found in 25–45.6% of Asian non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and about 24% of white patients (1–3). It is a biomarker for the use of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, EGFR mutations were rarely detected in small cell lung cancers (SCLCs) (4, 5). According to previous studies, 1.8% of 113 Italian SCLC patients and 4% of 122 Japanese SCLC patients had EGFR mutations (4, 6). In China, the patients with EGFR mutations accounted for 2.6–7.1% of SCLC patients (7–10).
SCLCs with EGFR mutations were reported to be sensitive to EGFR-TKIs (4, 11–13). EGFR-mutated SCLC patients tended to be female, non-smoker, and had limited disease (6, 14, 15). EGFR mutations may indicate a possible positive prognostic effect (6, 14, 15). Here, the patient we reported was also female and non-smoker, but her cancer was aggressive. The tumor metastasized rapidly to distant organs including brain, liver, adrenal gland, spinal cord, and vertebrae. Our case may suggest that EGFR mutations are not the only significant predictors for a positive outcome in SCLCs. More importantly, we also explored the possible mechanisms underlying tumor resistance to both chemotherapy and EGFR-TKIs in EGFR-mutated SCLCs.
Genomic Analysis of Pure SCLC Tumors
We excluded SCLC cases with adenocarcinoma components and collected 43 pure SCLC cases from hospitals in Zhejiang Province, China. The cases were identified as SCLC by pathological diagnosis according to the standard criteria of WHO classification. The median age of the study group was 62 years (range, 36–85). Seventy-seven percent of the cohort were male, and 63% of them had extended disease (Supplemental Table 1). The samples in these cases were subjected to next-generation sequencing (NGS) utilizing the Illumina HiSeq 4000 platform. The sequencing time ranged from July 2016 to September 2019. We found that the frequency of EGFR mutations in Chinese SCLC patients was 4.65% (Figure 1). Also, we demonstrated the genomic profiling of the 43 Chinese SCLC patients (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Genomic profiling of the 43 Chinese SCLC patients. The abscissa was tumor specimens, and the ordinate was gene names. Genetic alterations annotated according to the color panel on the right side of the image.
Case Presentation
A 59-year-old woman without smoking history presented with intermittent cough and dizziness. Computed tomography (CT) of the chest and brain revealed a right middle lobe lung mass and a left occipital lobe brain metastasis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain demonstrated an enhancing mass in the left occipital lobe (1.7 × 1.4 cm). Bronchoscopic examination revealed a lesion occluding the right lateral middle lobe bronchus. Transbronchial biopsy of the right middle lobe mass was positive for small cell carcinoma. The histological H&E examination of biopsy specimens showed small and poorly differentiated cells with round or oval nuclei. The biopsies were devoid of any evidence of non-small-cell components. Histopathology reported a TTF-1-positive, Syn-positive, Ki-67 (60–70%), small cell carcinoma of the lung. Whole-body positron emission tomography computed tomography (PET-CT) identified areas of abnormal metabolism in the right lung, right hilum, and subcarinal lymph nodes (Figure 2A), as well as the left occipital lobe of the brain. The bone scan was negative for evidence of metastatic lesions. Two months after diagnosis, she was referred to our department. Brain MRI showed the metastatic tumor in the left occipital lobe dramatically increasing to 4.8 × 3.8 cm (Figure 2B). Meanwhile, four new masses were found in brain. As standard therapy for extensive-stage small cell carcinoma, the patient received etoposide and cisplatin (EP) chemotherapy with a poor clinical response. After four cycles of EP treatment, new metastatic lesions were detected in the right brain (Figure 2C). To control tumor progression, she received CyberKnife radiosurgery for the treatment of lung neoplasm, followed by a whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) for brain metastases. After WBRT, the patient displayed symptomatic disease progression with multiple new liver, left adrenal gland, and spinal cord metastases (Figure 3A,B). An ultrasound-guided percutaneous liver biopsy was performed. Re-biopsy of the metastases in the liver confirmed small cell histology and revealed SCLC evident by positive expressions of CD56, TTF-1, CgA, and synaptophysin (Figure 3C). The tissue re-biopsy samples and blood samples were subjected to next-generation sequencing. As shown in Table 1, genotype disclosed an EGFR exon 19 deletion (19-Del) mutation and PTEN frameshift mutation (p.K237Cfs*17). She subsequently received two cycles of irinotecan in combination with 1 month of third-generation EGFR-TKI osimertinib. However, the tumor dramatically progressed with enlargement of liver metastases (Figure 3A). After that, her disease also failed to respond to anlotinib plus pembrolizumab and anlotinib plus Tiggio. Finally, with fast tumor progression, she died 1 month later.
Figure 2. Tumor lesions detected at various times. PET-CT showing a mass in the middle lobe of the right lung (A). Tumor lesions in the brain before and after EP therapy (B). New masses in the brain after EP therapy (C).
Figure 3. The imageological and cytological examinations of tumor metastases. Tumor metastases in the liver (A), left adrenal (A), and spinal cord (B) before irinotecan plus osimertinib, and enlarged metastatic lesions in the liver (A) and left adrenal (A) after treatment. (C) The HE and IHC staining of biopsy specimens in the case. Typical for SCLC, IHC was strongly positive for TTF1, Syn, CD56, and CgA.
Table 1. Genetic alterations in the case identified by NGS.
Discussion
SCLCs are often seen as aggressive cancers which are sensitive to chemotherapy and shrink at the initial stage and then relapse soon with chemoresistance. Currently, the exact mechanism underlying chemoresistance is still unknown. As previous studies have shown, the mutations in CSMD3/PCLO/RYR1/EPB41L3 may predict resistance to etoposide (16). However, none were detected in our case. In our case, PTEN mutation was detected. PTEN is a tumor suppressor in the PI3K/AKT pathway. The continuous activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway is a pivotal chemoresistance factor in SCLCs. PTEN could sensitize the tumor to chemotherapy including etoposide and cisplatin by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway (17, 18). The efforts to combine adenoviral PTEN gene therapy with cisplatin chemotherapy could enhance tumor suppression in SCLC (19). Thus, PTEN mutation may account for chemoresistance in our case by aberrant activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway.
In most previous studies, EGFR mutations in lung cancer, even in SCLC patients, are responsive to EGFR-TKIs (4, 11, 13, 20). It is still controversial whether EGFR-mutated SCLCs have adenocarcinoma components. Some researchers propose that EGFR mutations do exist but are just rare in SCLCs (4, 15). In our case, the patient received biopsy twice and the pathological examinations were almost identical. We did not find any pathological evidence supporting adenocarcinoma. Different from the favorable response to EGFR-TKIs in adenocarcinoma, the tumor in our case proved to be resistant to EGFR-TKI. The mechanisms of resistance to EGFR-TKIs are widely discussed. Le et al. discussed that the lack of response to EGFR-TKIs in EGFR-mutated de novo SCLC might be attributable to the lack of EGFR expression (21). Mutations of KRAS or BRAF might also be correlated with resistance to EGFR-TKIs in EGFR-mutated de novo SCLC patients (21, 22). Many researchers pointed out that EGFR and its downstream pathway were involved with primary resistance to EGFR-TKIs (23). Mutations in the EGFR downstream genes including PIK3CA and PTEN might confer resistance to EGFR-TKIs (22–27). A study using a genetic mouse model showed that PTEN inactivation advanced SCLC, suggesting that treatment targeting PTEN may be effective for a subset of SCLC patients (28). PTEN loss-of-function mutation resulted in poor PFS and OS in patients with EGFR mutations, and it was an independent predictor for short PFS in patients with EGFR-TKI treatment (23–25). Furthermore, in the 43 sequenced SCLC cases, one EGFR-mutated SCLC without PTEN mutation was responsive to EGFR-TKI gefitinib. Thus, our case suggests that PTEN may also play a key role in the poor outcome with EGFR-TKI treatment in EGFR-mutated SCLC patients.
Few studies have focused on the potential mechanisms of tumor resistance to both EGFR-TKIs and chemotherapy in EGFR-mutated de novo SCLC patients. Our case is the first one to propose that in this rare subtype of SCLCs, PTEN dysfunction may play a vital role in the instinct resistance to both chemotherapy and EGFR-TKIs. Another case resistant to both EGFR-TKIs and chemotherapy was reported by Varghese et al. (28). EGFR 19-Del and PIK3CA mutations coexisted in their case (28). Therefore, the aberrant activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway may be involved in the resistance of EGFR-mutated SCLC to both chemotherapy and EGFR-TKIs. Large sample size and further studies in EGFR-mutated SCLCs are needed to validate our findings.
Conclusion
We have reported a de novo SCLC case with EGFR 19-Del which was innately resistant to both chemotherapy and EGFR-TKI. The resistance to EGFR-TKIs and chemotherapy may be attributable to PTEN mutation. Moreover, we presented the frequencies of EGFR mutations and other genetic mutations in Chinese SCLC patients.
Ethics Statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Ethical Committee of the 903rd Hospital of PLA. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.
Author Contributions
LW wrote this article. LW and FD were involved in diagnostic flow and patient follow-up. JS was a licensed pathologist and proposed the images of pathological examination. GD and YS contributed to the data collection and analysis of 43 pure SCLC cases using NGS technology. The manuscript was edited by XW. LW, FD, JS, GD, YS, YL, XH, LB, WW, and XG were involved in the interpretation of published data. All authors read and gave their final approval of the version to be published.
Funding
This research was supported in part by grants from the Medical Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province (No. 2020391513).
Conflict of Interest
GD and YS were employed by the company Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, China.
The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We thank Weipeng Xie and Junrong Yan of Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, for their assistance with data analysis and figure drawing.
Supplementary Material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2020.01048/full#supplementary-material
Supplemental Table 1. The clinical characteristics of the 43 Chinese SCLC patients.
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Keywords: SCLC, EGFR 19-Del, EGFR-TKI, drug resistance, PTEN mutation
Citation: Wang L, Dong F, Su J, Du G, Shao Y, Liu Y, He X, Bao L, Wang W, Guo X and Wang X (2020) Resistance to Both Chemotherapy and EGFR-TKI in Small Cell Lung Cancer With EGFR 19-Del Mutation: A Case Report. Front. Oncol. 10:1048. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01048
Received: 10 February 2020; Accepted: 27 May 2020;
Published: 17 July 2020.
Edited by:
Stephen V. Liu, Georgetown University Medical Center, United StatesReviewed by:
Myung-Ju Ahn, Sungkyunkwan University, South KoreaKartik Sehgal, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, United States
Copyright © 2020 Wang, Dong, Su, Du, Shao, Liu, He, Bao, Wang, Guo and Wang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Xi Wang, d.wangxi@hotmail.com
†These authors have contributed equally to this work