Abstract
Multiple factors differentially influence treatment decisions in the first line treatment of recurrent/metastatic HNSCC. The EORTC Young investigator group launched a survey among treating physicians to explore the main influencing factors for treatment stratification. The questionnaire was posted as a web-survey link from May to August 2020. Next to defining the factors that mostly influence therapeutic decision the survey was complemented by a clinical case discussion of five patient cases. A total of 118 responses from 19 countries were collected. The key factors identified to guide treatment decision were performance status, PD-L1 Expression, time from last systemic treatment above or below 6 months, and disease burden.
Prospective evaluation of patient characteristics and additional potential predictive biomarkers for novel treatment options remains an important question to stratify personalized treatment for RM HNSCC.
Introduction
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) represents the sixth most common type of cancer with 0.65 million new cases and 0.33 million deaths annually worldwide (1). Despite recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of HNSCC, the median survival for patients with incurable, recurrent, or metastatic disease remains poor at around 10–15 months (2). Treatment intensification failed to improve outcome (3). To date, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted antibody cetuximab and programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) antibodies nivolumab and pembrolizumab are approved as targeted agents for the treatment of HNSCC. With the introduction of immunotherapies both in first and second line treatments of HNSCC, the therapeutic options for patients have increased (4). Toxicities and QoL were favorable with immunotherapeutic treatment in comparison to chemotherapy (5). However, not all patients respond to PD-1 inhibition and for some patients with autoimmune diseases the risk of deterioration with such treatment modalities is essential. Multiple factors have been discussed, which differentially influence treatment decisions in the first line treatment of recurrent/metastatic HNSCC. However there is a lack of scientific evidence to provide adequate patient selection for tailored treatment (6, 7).
The EORTC young investigator group launched a survey among physicians treating head and neck cancer patients, to ask what are the main influencing factors used to stratify treatment for chemotherapy and cetuximab versus immunotherapy alone versus immunotherapy in combination with chemotherapy. Furthermore, we asked the participants to make treatment decisions for particular case presentation taking PD-L1 expression into consideration.
Methods
The questionnaire was posted as a web-survey link in the EORTC (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer) head and neck cancer (HNC) mailing list reaching 419 EORTC members from May to August 2020. The questionnaire can be found in the Appendix. Data were collected via Survey Monkey (www.surveymonkey.com) and descriptive analyses were performed.
The survey consisted of 17 items divided in two parts: 12 items in part one and five clinical cases in part two. The participants were medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, and surgeons (otolaryngologist and maxillofacial).
In the first part of the survey we evaluated the experience in treating HNSCC and the environment where each respondent worked (presence or not of a multidisciplinary team). This was followed by the key questions regarding the factors that mostly influence therapeutic decision in the recurrent/metastatic (R/M) setting to choose chemotherapy plus anti-EGFR agent or chemotherapy in combination with immunotherapy (IO) or IO alone. Items to choose were burden of disease, time from last systemic treatment, presence of locoregional or metastatic disease, performance status (PS), tumor pain, hypercalcemia, treatment schedule, risk of bleeding, patient age, PD-L1 combined positivity score (CPS), and the presence of caregiver.
In the second part we proposed five clinical cases with different characteristics and asked the preferred treatment based on three different PD-L1 CPS value (PD-L1 CPS <1; PD-L1 CPS 1–19; PD-L1 CPS ≥20).
Results
Collection of Questionnaires
There were 118 responses to the questionnaire. The participants were predominantly male (61%), 53.9% of responders had an age between 40 and 55 years. The majority of participants (43.6%) treated 6–15 HNC patients per month. Countries that mainly contributed to the survey included Italy (40%), Germany (19%), France (6%), Netherlands (6%) Switzerland (6%), and Belgium (6%). Participants were medical oncologists (58.6%), radiation oncologists (20.7%), and head and neck surgeons (20.7%). Of these participants, 43.6% had more than 15 years of experience in head and neck cancer treatment and more than 95% of responders reported to work as part of an HNC multidisciplinary team in their hospital that discusses patients with both curative and palliative intent. Regarding the reimbursement policy for drugs used in R/M HNSCC, in the majority of the countries of the participants, cetuximab in first line only with cisplatin in combination with 5-fluorouracil (67.5%) and nivolumab in platinum resistant patients (92.1%) are reimbursed. Descriptive data of the responders are provided in Table 1.
Table 1
| Participants number (118) | Characteristics | Number (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | Female | 46 (38.9) |
| Male | 77 (61) | |
| Age (years) | <40 | 39 (33.3) |
| 40–55 | 65 (53.8) | |
| >55 | 15 (12.8) | |
| No response | 1 | |
| Specialty | Medical Oncology | 68 (58.6) |
| Radiation Oncology | 24 (20.7) | |
| Otolaryngologist (ENT)/Maxillo Facial Surgeon | 24 (20.7) | |
| No respone | 2 | |
| Years of experience in treatment of HN Cancer (years) | <5 | 21 (17.9) |
| 5–15 | 45 (38.4) | |
| >15 | 51 (43.5) | |
| No response | 2 | |
| New RM/HNSCC seen per month in each center | 1–5 | 34 (29.1) |
| 6-15 | 51 (43.6) | |
| >15 | 32 (27.4) | |
| No response | 1 | |
| Presence of HN multidisciplinary team in each center | Yes | 114 (97.4) |
| No | 3 (2.6) | |
| No response | 1 | |
| Type of RM/HNSCC cases discussed in HN multidisciplinary team | All cases with curative intent | 6 (5.2) |
| All cases with curative and palliative | 103 (88.8) | |
| intent | 7 (6) | |
| Not all cases discussed | 2 | |
| No response | ||
| Reimbursed policy in each country for specific drug | Cetuximab in first line | |
| Yes | 82 (75.2) | |
| No | 27 (24.8) | |
| No response | 9 | |
| Cetuximab in second line | ||
| Yes | 60 (57.1) | |
| No | 45 (42.9) | |
| No response | 13 | |
| Cetuximab only with Cisplatin + | ||
| 5-Fluorouracil chemotherapy | ||
| Yes No No response | 75 (67.6)36 (32.4)7 | |
| Pembrolizumab in first line | ||
| Yes No No response | 52 (47.3)58 (52.7)8 |
Participants characteristics.
HN, head and neck; RM HNSCC, recurrent metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
Factors Mostly Influencing Treatment Decisions
Within the questionnaire, physicians were asked to rate 5 factors to stratify the treatment for platinum in combination with cetuximab (e.g., EXTREME or TPEX protocol) in first-line treatment of R/M HNSCC (8, 9). The main factors identified were performance status, time from last systemic treatment >6 months, and a high burden of disease, respectively 82.8, 64.6, and 61.2% of responders. Moreover, we asked the main factors leading to choosing immunotherapy as monotherapy in the same setting, which were performance status (72.2%), PD-L1 CPS ≥20 (72.2%), and time from last systemic treatment <6 months (53.9%).
In the setting of combined treatment with chemotherapy and immunotherapy, physicians guided their decision on performance status and burden of disease (both 69.8%) and PD-L1 CPS 1–19 (62.2%). In Table 2 factors that mainly influenced treatment decision are summarized.
Table 2
| Immunotherapy alone | Immunotherapy + Chemotherapy | Combination of Platinum + Cetuximab | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | % of participants | Characteristics | % of participants | Characteristics | % of participants |
| Perfomance status ECOG | 72.7% | Perfomance status ECOG | 69.8% | Perfomance status ECOG | 82.8% |
| PD-L1 CPS ≥20 | 72.2% | High burden of disease | 69.8% | Time from last systemic treatment > or ≤6 months | 64.7% |
| Time from last systemic treatment <6 months | 53.9% | PD-L1 CPS 1-19 | 62.3% | High burden of disease | 61.2% |
| Low burden of disease | 48.7% | Time from last systemic treatment <6 months | 44.3% | Age | 44% |
| Presence of metastatic disease | 40.9% | Presence of metastatic disease | 41.5% | PD-L1 CPS <1 | 40.5% |
| Age | 33.9% | Presence of locoregional relapse | 34% | Presence of metastatic disease | 36.2% |
| PD-L1 CPS 1-19 | 27.8% | PD-L1 CPS ≥20 | 33% | Presence of locoregional relapse | 33.6% |
| Patients wish | 26.1% | Tumor pain | 33% | Tumor pain | 32.8% |
| Presence of locoregional relapse | 25.2% | Age | 28.3% | Patients wish | 22.4% |
| Treatment schedule | 14% | Presence of caregiver | 17% | Risk of bleeding | 13.8% |
| Tumor pain | 10.4% | Risk of bleeding | 15.1% | Presence of caregiver | 13.8% |
| Presence of caregiver | 7.8% | Patient’s wish | 8.5% | Treatment schedule | 10.3% |
| Risk of bleeding | 5.2% | Treatment schedule | 6.6% | Hypercalcemia | 3.5% |
| Hypercalcemia | 0.9% | Hypercalcemia | 1.9% | ||
Factors that mostly influence treatment decision.
Clinical Case Discussion
In our survey we proposed 5 different clinical cases in different settings of R/M HNSCC according to pain, extension of disease, comorbidity, presence of caregiver, performance status, and time from last systemic treatment. We asked the participants to choose the preferred therapy (between chemotherapy + cetuximab, IO alone or IO + chemotherapy) regarding three alternative PD-L1 CPS (<1; 1–19; ≥20).
The first clinical case illustrated a male patient of 58 years old with an ECOG of 0 and with history of hypertension and previous hepatitis B (30 years ago). He was a previous smoker (20 packs/years). He consulted an Otorhinolaryngology specialist for having moderate dysphagia. He was diagnosed with an ulcerated lesion at the base of the tongue and right tonsil, and 4–5 cm nodes on the right neck (level IIa). The subsequent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluorodeoxyglucose–positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) confirmed the presence of an ulcerated right oropharyngeal lesion, pathologic nodes and showed bilateral lung nodules. Final clinical staging was cT4aN2bM1. In Table 3, we report the decisions based on different PD-L1 CPS values from the responders.
Table 3
| IO alone (%) | IO+ chemotherapy (%) | Chemotherapy + cetuximab (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CPS <1 | 2 (1.9) | 12 (11.9) | 87 (86.1) |
| CPS 1–19 | 7 (7) | 79 (79) | 14 (14) |
| CPS ≥20 | 46 (46) | 43 (43) | 11 (11) |
Clinical Case 1—Preferred therapy according to CPS value.
Most frequent answers in the different PD-L1 CPS groups are depicted in bold.
The second clinical case described a male patient of 62 years old diagnosed with HNSCC. He was a current smoker (120 packs/year) without relevant comorbidities, ECOG 0, who underwent a total laryngectomy + right (IIa–IIb–III,V) and left (II–III–IV) selective neck dissection (SND), right hemithyroidectomy and voice prosthesis placement. Based on TNM VIII edition the tumor was classified as pT3 pN2c cM0, R0, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with extracapsular extension (ENE+). The patient received adjuvant radiochemotherapy with cisplatin at a cumulative dose of platinum of 240 mg/m2. Two years later a computer tomography (CT) scan showed two lung nodules (10 and 8 mm) in the left upper lobe and another peribronchial nodule (8 mm) in the right lower lobe, with unsuccessful biopsy attempt. FDG-PET revealed next to the known lesion a large mass localized to left side of L5-S1 and left hemisacrum with bone erosion. The patient complained of left lower back pain with impaired ambulation, weight loss (5%) due to anorexia and asthenia. PS ECOG 1. Palliative radiotherapy (20 Gy) on L5-S1 was delivered. In Table 4, we report the decisions for systemic treatment of the responders regarding this case based on different PD-L1 CPS value.
Table 4
| IO alone (%) | IO+ chemotherapy (%) | Chemotherapy + cetuximab (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CPS <1 | 6 (6.5) | 8 (8.7) | 78 (84.8) |
| CPS 1–19 | 25 (26.8) | 52 (55.9) | 16 (17.2) |
| CPS ≥20 | 54 (58.1) | 31 (33.3) | 11 (8.6) |
Clinical Case 2—Preferred therapy according to CPS value.
Most frequent answers in the different PD-L1 CPS groups are depicted in bold.
The third clinical case described a male patient, 71 years old, PS ECOG 0, never smoker. He had a history of ulcerative colitis that was diagnosed at the age of 54 and treated with mesalazine in the clinical phase of remission. He had a left tonsillectomy with partial excision of the base of tongue plus modified left neck dissection (levels I–IV), with final diagnosis of SCC, p16+ and HPV 16 + pT2 pN2b cM0, R0, ENE+, stage III. This treatment was followed by 3 months of adjuvant concomitant chemoradiotherapy on the neck nodes (66/54 Gy) and cisplatin cumulative dose 260 mg/m2. Three months later FDG-PET showed mediastinal and right hilar nodes (dimension 17 × 7 and 22 × 12 mm) and a small nodule at the right lower lung with maximum diameter of 8 mm. Bronchoscopy and sampling of the node confirmed the diagnosis of SCC, p16 positive. The patient had no signs or symptoms and maintained a social life and working activities. Table 5 summarizes the answers of the responders of the questionnaire.
Table 5
| IO alone (%) | IO+ chemotherapy (%) | chemotherapy + cetuximab (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CPS <1 | 20 (21.5) | 8 (8.6) | 65 (69.9) |
| CPS 1–19 | 47 (50) | 22 (23.4) | 25 (26.6) |
| CPS ≥20 | 70 (74.5) | 9 (9.6) | 15 (15.9) |
Clinical Case 3—Preferred therapy according to CPS value.
Most frequent answers in the different PD-L1 CPS groups are depicted in bold.
The fourth clinical case described a female patient of 47 years old, with a PS ECOG 2 due to comorbidities with mild mental impairment, anxiety and depression. A caregiver was present to help her with her everyday needs. Medical history revealed arterial hypertension and polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis since her childhood in treatment with methylprednisolone 4 mg. She underwent a mandibulectomy + maxillectomy + right selective neck dissection. The pathology report revealed a grade 2 SCC of the oral cavity, pT4b pN2b (2/55 ENE-) cM0. She underwent adjuvant concomitant chemoradiotherapy, with RT up to 60/54 Gy, and with a cumulative cisplatin dose of 200 mg/m2. After three months, due to the appearance of mild dyspnea, a chest CT scan was performed with evidence of left pleural effusion and progression of disease at the lung and a bone lesion art the sternum. In Table 6, we report the treatment decision of our responders, based on different PD-L1 CPS values.
Table 6
| IO alone (%) | IO+ chemotherapy (%) | Chemotherapy + cetuximab (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CPS <1 | 19 (22.6) | 7 (8.3) | 58 (69.1) |
| CPS 1–19 | 39 (43.8) | 20 (22.5) | 30 (33.7) |
| CPS ≥20 | 51 (56) | 12 (13.2) | 28 (30.7) |
Clinical Case 4—Preferred therapy according to CPS value.
Most frequent answers in the different PD-L1 CPS groups are depicted in bold.
The fifth clinical case was about a male patient, 74 years old, ECOG 1. In October 2014 he underwent concomitant chemoradiotherapy for a supraglottic laryngeal SCC, cT2 cN2 cM0 (up to 70 Gy) with cumulative cisplatin dose of 300 mg/m2. Eleven months later he underwent neck dissection due to nodal relapse. Furthermore, 3 years after initial diagnosis, level V on the left was re-irradiated due to unresectable relapse. Another 2 years later a CT showed vascularized tissue with irregular margins of 32 × 32 mm at the left laterocervical site adjacent to the surgical clips. The patient complained about pain localized to the tumor recurrence. Here we report decisions based on different PD-L1 CPS values from responders (Table 7).
Table 7
| IO alone (%) | IO+ chemotherapy (%) | Chemotherapy + cetuximab (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CPS <1 | 14 (16.3) | 8 (9.3) | 64 (74.4) |
| CPS 1–19 | 28 (32.2) | 48 (55.2) | 11 (12.6) |
| CPS ≥20 | 49 (55.7) | 32 (36.4) | 7 (7.9) |
Clinical Case 5—Preferred therapy according to CPS value.
Most frequent answers in the different PD-L1 CPS groups are depicted in bold.
Discussion
Treatment decision in R/M HNSCC remains challenging. No internationally accepted treatment guideline exists to guide the decision-making process. Medical treatment is considered the standard approach in the palliative setting, however for a minority of patients salvage surgery or (re-)irradiation might be an option. The survey was answered by the EORTC members of the Head and Neck cancer group, which represents a community of experts of the field and therefore is not representative for all physicians. CheckMate-141, Keynote-040, and Keynote-48 trials (2, 10, 11) led to the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) into the palliative treatment of HNSCC in platinum sensitive or resistant patients, thus providing an alternative to chemotherapy, which is beneficial in regard to tumor control for a subset of patients. However, toxicities which impair quality of life do occur more often with chemotherapy combinations, which has led to the widespread use of immunotherapies. Currently, PD-L1 expression is the only established biomarker to stratify treatment decisions (12). However, a multitude of other factors play a minor or major role in deciding for or against a chemotherapeutic regimen with or without the combination with ICIs. Stzurz and Vermorken in their editorial commentary to Keynote-048 showed the complexity of therapeutic choices in R/M HNSCC, other than PD-L1 CPS values (12). Physicians have to consider multiple variables, namely, biological age (from fitness to frailty), tumor dynamics, and burden of disease. In our survey, the most important decision factor in the palliative setting was the performance status of the patient for the three treatment options given. We interpreted this in the way that good performance status is a fundamental prerequisite for receiving chemotherapy, otherwise this treatment being detrimental for the patient. On the opposite, immunotherapy could be perceived as a treatment with less toxicity, therefore suitable also for patients with lower PS. However, it should be acknowledged that PS is also the strongest predictor of PFS and OS in patients treated with immunotherapy (13). Next to performance status, treatment decision for immunotherapy alone or in combination with chemotherapy is mainly guided by the time from last platinum-based treatment and PD-L1 expression. This is in line with the published data of platinum refractory disease (10, 14) and the inclusion criteria of the Keynote-48 trial (2). Currently, limited data from prospective clinical trials exist regarding the dynamics of response under checkpoint inhibition. Due to the limited overall response rate achieved with immunotherapy alone (less than 20% in the unselected population) (2, 10), the majority of physicians participating in this survey voted for the combination with chemotherapy when a situation of high tumor burden exists. It should be underlined that obtaining response to treatment is crucial in particular when facing disease with high tumor burden and corresponding symptoms (15). The survey was complemented by a clinical case discussion, which took most factors guiding treatment decisions into account. Responses appeared to be guided by PD-L1 CPS as one of the most important factors; however, also in case of high PD-L1 CPS, there was a relatively high quote of respondents choosing combination of chemotherapy plus IO, mainly in cases where the high tumor burden (case #1) or the symptoms (mainly pain) complained by the patients justified the need to achieve tumor response (case #2 and #5). It is interesting to observe that also in the third case responses were guided by PD-L1 CPS expression, even in presence of an autoimmune comorbidity. The anamnesis of ulcerative colitis did not lead the majority of participants of the survey to avoid IO, possibly due to the fact that the autoimmune disease was reported as being under control and without high steroid use. Until recently, no large cases series of patients with inflammatory bowel disease and immune checkpoint inhibition have been published, and patients with active autoimmune diseases have been excluded from most of clinical trials leading to registration of IO in the different cancer sites. Also, the fourth case presented with the comorbidity of a polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis, in active treatment with low steroid dose; the disease-free interval since last platinum dose was 3 months, therefore prompting many respondents to propose the use of IO alone. About one-third of the physicians would have chosen a combination of chemotherapy and cetuximab, considered to be less at risk of toxicities than IO.
Given the obvious limitations of such a survey in general, the collected responses were in line with current treatment recommendations by the European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO) (6). There is broad consent of treatment with ICI in platinum refractory or nonsymptomatic PD-L1 positive tumor patients. For patients with low or negative PD-L1 expression the choice of the appropriate chemotherapy combination with or without IO has not been defined and especially elderly and frail patients, who do represent a large proportion of patients, remain not adequately represented in trials. This makes general treatment recommendations impossible. The aim of systemic treatment should always be evaluated, if being primarily directed to achieve treatment response or to prolong overall survival. Discussion with the patient and caregivers should also be a central point in treatment choice, evaluating preferences and expectations of the patient. Geriatric assessments or evaluation of the frailty of the patient should be prospectively evaluated to improve patient outcome in this vulnerable population (16). These points highlight a field of missing data in the decision process for the right treatment. Considering all these factors, we support treatment personalization as being crucial in clinical decision making, in a time where different treatments are available for R/M HNSCC patients.
Conclusion
Immunotherapy has changed the therapeutic landscape in RM HNSCC. Our survey showed how clinical decisions in a real world setting are based mostly on performance status, PD-L1 CPS expression, burden of disease, and time from last systemic treatment. Prospective evaluation of patient characteristics and additional potential predictive biomarkers for novel treatment options remain an important quest to stratify personalized treatment for RM HNSCC.
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Statements
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Ethics statement
Ethical review and approval was not required for the study on human participants in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
Author contributions
KK: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Writing—Original draft, and review & editing. LL: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Writing—Original draft, and review & editing. DN: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Writing—Original draft, and review & editing. CS: Supervision, and Writing—Review & editing. J-PM: Supervision, and Writing—Review & editing. PB: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Writing—Original draft, and review & editing. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Acknowledgments
We thank Sofia Gomes and Catherine Fortpied at the EORTC Headquarters for their support in distributing the survey and reviewing the manuscript.
Conflict of interest
KK: Advisory board participation, invited speaker or conference honoraria from: Merck, Sanofi, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Bristol-Myers Squibb. CS: grants from Roche, grants from Intuitive, personal fees from Pfizer, personal fees from Merck, personal fees from MSD, personal fees from Seattle Genetics, outside the submitted work. J-PM: Advisory board member or speaker with honoraria (managed by my Institution): Pfizer, Roche, Astra/Zeneca, Bayer, Innate, Merck Serono, Boerhinger, BMS, Novartis, Janssen, Incyte, Cue Biopharma, ALX Oncology, iTEOS, eTheRNA. Travel expenses: Amgen, BMS, Pfizer, MSD. Data safety monitoring board with honoraria: Debio, Nanobiotix, Psioxus; Uncompensated advisory role: MSD; EORTC: investigator and study coordinator, H & N group Chair. PB: Advisory board participation or conference honoraria from: Merck, Sanofi, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Sun Pharma, Angelini, Molteni, Bristol-Myers Squibb, GSK.
The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Supplementary material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2022.730785/full#supplementary-material
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Summary
Keywords
head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, PD-L1 CPS, treatment stratification, survey, HNSCC
Citation
Klinghammer K, Lorini L, Nevens D, Simon C, Machiels J-P and Bossi P (2022) Treatment Stratification in First-Line Recurrent or Metastatic Head and Neck Cancer, on Behalf of the EORTC Young Investigator Head and Neck Cancer Group. Front. Oncol. 12:730785. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.730785
Received
25 June 2021
Accepted
05 January 2022
Published
27 January 2022
Volume
12 - 2022
Edited by
Shiyu Song, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, United States
Reviewed by
Jason Fleming, Aintree University Hospital, United Kingdom; Stefan Kasper-Virchow, Essen University Hospital, Germany
Updates
Copyright
© 2022 Klinghammer, Lorini, Nevens, Simon, Machiels and Bossi.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Konrad Klinghammer, konrad.klinghammer@charite.de
†Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
This article was submitted to Head and Neck Cancer, a section of the journal Frontiers in Oncology
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