Acquired von Willebrand syndrome is common in infants with systemic-to-pulmonary shunts: Retrospective case-series

Introduction

Von Willebrand factor (VWF) is an important glycoprotein in primary hemostasis. It is produced by endothelial cells and megakaryocytes and released as high molecular weight von Willebrand multimers (HMWM) (1). It circulates in the blood plasma in complex with factor VIII, which is thereby protected from proteolysis. It can bind to proteins of the subendothelial matrix as well as to the von Willebrand receptor (glycoprotein Ib/IX) on the surface of platelets. Thus, as a so-called adhesive protein, it creates a connection between the platelets and the injured vessel wall and activates the platelets (2).

Acquired von Willebrand syndrome (aVWS) is a bleeding diathesis, which has been described occasionally in children with congenital heart defects (CHD), such as aortic and pulmonary stenosis (3–5), persisting arterial duct (PDA) (6) and ventricular septum defect (VSD) (7). These specific hemodynamic profiles are associated with increased shear stress, which can induce aVWS (8). Shear stress is responsible for increased unfolding of the HMWM, which subsequently undergo ADAMTS 13 mediated proteolysis within their mechanosensitive A2 domain (9). This results in a significant decrease or loss of HMWM when the shear stress source is persisting.

The VWF multimer analysis is the gold standard test for diagnosing aVWS. However this test is only available in specialized laboratories (10). In clinical practice additional parameters testing VWF function, such as the ratio of ristocetin cofactor activity VWF:RCo/VWF:Ag and collagen binding VWF:CB/VWF:Ag can be used as an indicator of aVWS (11). Despite the availability of these tests, they have not been proved as reliable diagnostic tools (10, 12). This makes the diagnosis challenging and can lead to underestimation of aVWS incidence in pediatric patients with CHD (13).

In a previous study we found that aVWS can be present in the perioperative course of up to 80% of neonates, undergoing heart surgery for complex CHD (14).

AVWS often remains unrecognized in everyday life, since patients usually don't have any spontaneous bleeding episodes, but they can encounter increased bleeding during surgery or trauma (15). AVWS has also been shown to be a relevant cause for major bleeding in children treated on pediatric cardiac intensive care units (16).

Surgical palliation in neonates with functionally univentricular hearts is complex and frequently includes creation of systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunts (SPS) followed by cardiac catheterizations and further surgical procedures. A variety of SPS have been introduced, including modified Blalock-Taussig-Shunts (BTS), the Sano-Shunt and central aortopulmonary shunts. Their common feature is an accelerated and turbulent blood flow across the prosthetic shunt due to the marked difference between systemic and pulmonary vascular pressure, thus theoretically generating conditions for HMWM consumption under high shear stress.

Several studies have confirmed the significantly increased incidence of bleeding and thrombotic complications in this group of patients (17, 18). To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports describing the von Willebrand status in infants with SPS so far. The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence and time course of aVWS in infants requiring SPS as part of the palliation of complex CHD.

Materials and methods

Study design and setting

This single-center, retrospective, observational study assesses the clinical and laboratory manifestation of aVWS in infants with functionally univentricular hearts following creation of a SPS. All patients were treated at our tertiary referral center from December 2015 to January 2017. Laboratory tests, including perioperative and periinterventional screening for aVWS, routinely performed as part of the coagulation monitoring after SPS establishment, were included in this analysis. Figure 1 shows the workflow of our coagulation monitoring. VWF diagnostics were routinely performed before cardiac catheterization or preoperatively. Postoperative analysis of VWF values was possible at the discretion of the treating physicians.

FIGURE 1

Figure 1. Workflow of departmental coagulation monitoring.

Patient selection and data collection

Data collection was performed retrospectively based on the medical charts of all children with already created SPS undergoing cardiac catheterization or surgery in the period mentioned above. Inclusion criteria were the diagnosis of complex CHD and the presence of SPS. Results of coagulation tests and von Willebrand multimer analyses were extracted from the medical charts. Patients with missing laboratory data on VWF were excluded. The collected data included echocardiography findings, laboratory results, data on blood component therapy as well as bleeding and thromboembolic events in everyday life and during heart catheterizations or operations.

The patients' characteristics, including the diagnoses, the shunt type and the aVWS-status at different stages (follow up) are summarized in Table 1. All pressure gradients were determined by Doppler echocardiography and represent the highest systolic peak instantaneous gradient. Coagulation therapy during surgeries was guided by a ROTEM-based algorithm. Postoperative anticoagulation after shunt implantation was performed with unfractionated heparin in therapeutic doses. After removal of the central line, heparin was switched to aspirin and clopidogrel in all patients with SPS. For planned cardiac catheterization or surgery, aspirin and clopidogrel were paused and bridging with unfractionated heparin was performed.

TABLE 1

Table 1. Patients’ characteristics and aVWS status.

Laboratory analysis

Von Willebrand antigen (VWF:Ag), collagen binding (VWF:CB) and Willebrand multimers were analyzed in an external reference lab (cMEDILYS Coagulation Lab mbH, Hamburg, Germany) as described previously (19, 20). The aVWS was graded as severe (++) if either a complete loss of the largest multimers was present or if the high molecular multimers were less than 20% of all multimers. Moderate aVWS (+) was defined as a relative loss of the high molecular multimers resulting in a disproportion between the high and low molecular multimers.

Statistical analysis

All statistical analyses as well as figure design were performed using GraphPad Prism 8 (Version 8.4.0 for Windows, GraphPad Software, Inc.). Continuous data are expressed as median and interquartile range. HMWM values before and after shunt excision were analyzed with regard to significant differences by the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. Correlations between HMWM values and echocardiographic gradients as well as sampling time were tested by means of linear regression analysis. A probability of p < 0.05 was defined as significant for all statistical tests.

Results

Patient characteristics

During the study period 17 children with complex CHD and SPS were screened for possible inclusion in our analysis. Two children were excluded because no VWF testing after SPS implantation had been performed. Fifteen patients aged 3–14 months (median 4 months) with complex congenital heart disease following SPS surgery could be included in the analysis. The median patient weight was 5.6 (3.5–8.5) kg at the sampling.

The blood tests for aVWS were performed between day 5 to 257 after shunt implantation surgery (median 64 days), usually before elective cardiac catheterisation procedures or SPS excision surgery. Shunt types included 13 modified Blalock-Taussig-Shunts (BTS), 1 central aortopulmonary shunt, and 1 Sano-shunt. All patients were in a stable clinical condition at the time of blood sampling.

In 10 of the 15 patients, VWF parameters were also measured after SPS excision on the discretion of the attending physicians. The SPS excisions were performed either as part of the Glenn surgery (8 patients) or during biventricular repair (2 patients). Timing of follow-up blood sampling varied from intraoperatively to 6 months postoperatively. The intraoperative tests for aVWS were performed in 7 patients immediately after discontinuation of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and before treatment with blood components. Details on timing of blood sampling are listed in Table 1.

Of the patients who were not followed up, one moved and two deceased (one suspected acute shunt thrombosis and one acute onset 3rd grade atrioventricular block). In two cases, no follow-up sampling after SPS excision was performed.

Prevalence of aVWS at stage systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt

In all 15 shunt-patients a reduction or loss of HMWM could be detected after creation of SPS. Thirteen patients had a severe form of aVWS and 2 patients had moderate aVWS. Only one patient (No. 14) was initially tested negative for aVWS on day 5 after the shunt implantation. At this time an echocardiographic gradient of 72 mmHg across the BTS was detectable. The same patient tested positive for severe aVWS on day 34 after shunt creation. The other patients were tested on the 17th postoperative day or later and all of them had aVWS on multimer analysis.

The peak echocardiographic pressure gradients across the shunt ranged between 27 to 81 mmHg at the time of multimer testing. The HMWM level was inversely related to the estimated peak systolic gradient (Figure 2).

FIGURE 2

Figure 2. HMWM decrease was related significantly to peak systolic echocardiographic gradients.

The severity of HMWM reduction did not correlate significantly with the time interval after shunt implantation.

Prevalence of aVWS following excision of the systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt

In the available follow up samples of 10 patients the VWF:CB/VWF:Ag ratio increased in all of them compared with the preoperative values.

The multimeric pattern normalized in 8 of the patients. No relevant residual stenosis was found in any of them on echocardiography. In the remaining 2 patients, the percentage of HMWM increased, but moderate aVWS persisted throughout the follow-up period after shunt excision surgery (Figure 3). One of them (No. 13) received Glenn surgery and the other one (No. 14) received biventricular correction of pulmonary atresia and VSD. Patient No. 13 had multiple aortopulmonary collaterals as possible source of shear stress. Patient No. 14 had only a mild residual stenosis of the left pulmonary artery after surgery.

FIGURE 3

Figure 3. An exemplary multimer analysis (A) of the plasma of one shunt patient (No. 11) with a complete loss of the largest multimers (the rectangle corresponds to the typical area of distribution of HMWM on gel electrophoresis; the full gel was cropped for the sake of clarity). The individual course of every patient is presented in (B) and shows gradual HMWM recovery following shunt excision surgery for most patients. The HMWM values (C) and also the ratio VWF:CB/VWF:Ag (D) increased significantly after shunt excision.

In addition, one patient (No. 15) was found to have severe aVWS and significant residual pulmonary bifurcation obstruction after corrective surgery. AVWS resolved on repeat testing after treatment of the obstruction by interventional stent placement.

Specifically, intraoperative screening for aVWS was performed in 7 patients after discontinuation of CPB. At this time, the multimeric pattern had improved in 2 of them and completely normalized in another 2 patients.

Clinical course

Bleeding complications were observed mainly in the early postoperative course after shunt implantation (up to day 7). Six of 15 patients experienced thoracic hemorrhages, requiring surgical revision. However, four of the six bleeding episodes occurred during ECMO therapy. The other two cases were non-surgical diffuse thoracic hemorrhages requiring revision. AVWS tests from the time of the acute hemorrhage were not available. None of the shunt patients had spontaneous bleeding in everyday life. No clinically observed increased bleeding occurred during cardiac catheterizations. The majority of patients (12 of 15) yet received elective red blood cell (RBC) transfusions after their cardiac catheterization procedures because of post interventional drop of hemoglobin values. Concerning the operative shunt excision, usually as a part of the Glenn operation, no severe perioperative bleeding events were observed.

Two of the patients also experienced major thromboembolic complications during the observation period. Patient No. 4 experienced acute shunt thrombosis on the day of shunt placement. Patient No. 6 developed a thrombosis of the superior vena cava on the 10th postoperative day and died of acute shunt thrombosis in the further course.

Discussion

To the best of our knowledge this is the first report describing the prevalence of aVWS among patients following creation of SPS. AVWS was detected in all 15 analyzed infants. Despite the relatively small number of our cohort, we can presume that SPS are associated with aVWS in the majority of cases. This finding is remarkable but also to some extent expected, since establishment of a palliative SPS results in high-flow, high-velocity artificial vessels that are likely to generate enough shear stress to cause damage to the large von Willebrand multimers.

This is also supported by the fact that aVWS recovered completely in 8 of 10 patients tested after shunt excision. The HMWM pattern improved in the remaining 2 patients.

Shunt palliation procedures (e.g., Norwood procedure) in neonates with complex CHD are associated with a high rate of perioperative bleeding, as our data show. The causes are multifactorial and include surgical problems, various coagulation disorders, need for anticoagulation and possible extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy (21). Whether and to what extent aVWS contributes to intraoperative and early postoperative bleeding complications cannot be determined from our data, because only one patient in our cohort was tested in this period and did not have aVWS, which, however, developed during the course. This indicates that aVWS may evolve with some delay after surgery. A possible explanation could be increasing shear stress and pressure gradient across the shunt due to increasing relative shunt stenosis in the growing patient, which was already hypothesized by Rannuci et al. (22).

AVWS has previously been shown to be associated with higher peak velocity gradients and is a potential cause of increased bleeding during invasive procedures in infants with complex CHD requiring palliative surgery (23). Recent studies show that treatment algorithms including supplementation of VWF concentrate may reduce perioperative blood loss in children with congenital heart disease (24). Other treatment options such as desmopressin (DDAVP) administration are not very effective in cardiovascular aVWS because patients have high levels of circulating VWF with impaired function (10), and they do not reduce bleeding or transfusion requirements in congenital heart surgery (25). However, neonates and infants with prosthetic shunts are also at increased risk of life-threatening thromboembolic complications due to a CHD-associated imbalance between pro- and antithrombotic activity, abnormally low blood flow velocities and prothrombotic foreign materials (26–32). This was also evident in our case series, as 2 patients died from shunt thrombosis. Hunt et al. described lower postoperative levels of ADAMTS13 in the perioperative period of neonates and infants with CHD (33), which should be taken into account when considering VWF concentrate supplementation. In this context, the introduction of additional routine laboratory parameters such as the VWF:GPIbM/VWF:Ag ratio is a promising possibility for a timely aVWS diagnosis in the perioperative course of paediatric CHD patients (34). In our opinion, implementation of methods for rapid aVWS detection is necessary and should be available in centers performing neonatal cardiac surgery and providing extracorporeal support. The introduction of this new component into existing diagnostic and bleeding treatment algorithms has the potential to further reduce the risk of thromboembolic complications caused by possible empirical replacement therapy with VWF concentrates or other proven thrombogenic substances such as rFVIIa (35).

So far none of our patients demonstrated an increased bleeding tendency in everyday life, as spontaneous bleeding events are not typical for this condition (13). The effects on bleeding symptoms during minor surgery or cardiac catheterisation also appear to be limited and well manageable without specific aVWS treatment.

The patients in our cohort had no clinically observed increased bleeding during cardiac catheterisation procedures or shunt excision surgery (usually the Glenn procedure). It is unclear if aVWS contributed to blood loss during catheterisation procedures since also other factors, such as challenging vessel puncture, anticoagulation and repeated blood sampling can cause drop of hemoglobin. However, if significant bleeding episodes cannot be explained otherwise, aVWS should be considered as a possible cause in shunt patients. To exclude typical reasons for a drop in hemoglobin, a prospective comparison of patients with and without aVWS after cardiac catheterization might be useful in future studies.

After shunt excision the HMWM recovered quite rapidly and this might be one of the reasons why postoperative bleeding complications were rare. However, other causes, such as the shorter CPB time, the smaller wound area, and the older age of the patients compared to the SPS implantation surgery, may have also contributed to the lower bleeding rate.

Our study has several limitations. Since our shunt patients were aVWS positive, it was not possible to determine if the aVWS-positive patients have a higher bleeding tendency as compared to aVWS-negative patients during invasive procedures. Data on aVWS status during acute hemorrhage in the early postoperative period after SPS establishment were not available. AVWS tests prior to surgical or catheter interventions were dependent on the timing of these procedures. Thus, the time point of blood sampling varied considerably between patients. In addition, there were large differences in the underlying pathology of the patients, which cannot be compensated for due to the lack of a non-shunt control group. Follow-up tests were only performed according to the decision of the attending physicians. Confounders like treatment with fresh frozen plasma or influence of CPB during surgery cannot clearly be excluded for the results of early postoperative sampling after SPS excision. The study population did not include all consecutive patients who underwent shunt operations during the study period (two patients were excluded due to incomplete laboratory data). Finally, the potential risks of thromboembolic complications from treatment with VWF concentrates in this patient population have not yet been investigated and should be addressed in future studies.

Conclusions

In conclusion, aVWS is a phenomenon occurring in the majority of infants with SPS. Its contribution to increased bleeding during invasive procedures has not yet been sufficiently elucidated and needs to be further investigated in larger controlled prospective trials. The intention of this report is to raise the awareness of treating physicians for aVWS as a possible cause of hemorrhage during or after invasive procedures in this subgroup of patients. In addition, attention should be drawn to existing rapid diagnostic tests as well as therapy with von Willebrand factor-containing products and antifibrinolytic treatment. However, data on safety and efficacy are still limited and need to be a subject of further controlled trials.

Data availability statement

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

Ethics statement

The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Ethics committee of the University of Tübingen. Written informed consent from the participants’ legal guardian/next of kin was not required to participate in this study in accordance with the national legislation and the institutional requirements.

Author contributions

GW, VI and MH concepted and designed the survey. VI collected the data and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. GW and HM collected the blood samples. CH supported the statistical analysis. UB interpreted multimer analysis data. All authors contributed to the interpretation of data, drafting of the manuscript and critical revision for important intellectual content. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge support by the Open Access Publishing Fund of the University of Tübingen.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher's note

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