Editorial: Diagnosis and therapy pediatric hematological malignancies: recent progress
Joanna Zawitkowska
Monika Lejman
Katarzyna Derwich- 1Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- 2Independent Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- 3Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
Editorial on the Research Topic
Diagnosis and therapy pediatric hematological malignancies: recent progress
Hematological malignancies are the most frequent cancer in the pediatric population. Leukemia represents approximately 28% of cancer diagnosis (acute lymphoblastic leukemia being the most common type of cancer), while lymphomas account for 9% (third after brain tumors) (1). In recent decades, the overall survival (OS) rate for childhood hematological malignancies has increased to 80%–90% in high-income countries. This was possible due to stratified risk classification (minimal residual disease, MRD), intensive chemotherapy, steroid therapy, and radiotherapy (2, 3). However, difficulties still remain, such as treatment-related mortality and relapse/refractory disease (4). Further increasing the dosage of conventional chemotherapy does not improve the outcome and it intensifies complications. Innovative approaches to genetic abnormalities in childhood hematological cancer led to the introduction of new therapy options: molecular target therapy, immunotherapy, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells (5–8).
Liu et al. investigated the genomic signatures (by whole exome sequencing) and prognosis of advanced-stage T cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL) in 35 children. The authors concluded that USP34 overexpression and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway are connected with T-LBL development and progression, but anticancer therapies targeting the USP34 gene or the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway may be ineffective for children with refractory relapsed T-LBL (Liu et al.). Ochoa-Fernández et al. reported the outcomes of 39 patients diagnosed with infant leukemia from 1990 to 2020. The main risk factors that affected survival in this study were an age younger than 6 months and a poor response to induction therapy. The authors showed that KMT2A-r was not associated with poorer outcomes in either ALL or AML, probably due to the small cohort of patients. The 5-year OS and 5-year even free survival (EFS) were analyzed for two periods (1990–2005 and 2006–2020). For the ALL patients in the first period, the 5-year EFS and 5-year OS were the same at 30% and in the second period were 41.2% and 44.2%, respectively. For AML patients in the first period, the 5-year EFS and 5-year OS were the same at 66.7% and in the second period were 62.5% and 75%, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in EFS or OS between these periods. These results show that new therapeutic approaches could improve outcomes in the infant population (Ochoa-Fernández et al.). Very interesting observations were presented by Li et al. regarding the clinical characteristics of pediatric patients with hematological diseases with novel coronavirus infection in the outpatient and emergency department of the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. The study group included 20 children who were divided into two groups: group A consisted of children with hematologic neoplastic diseases treated with paxlovid and Group B of patients with hematological malignancies who did not receive paxlovid treatment. The authors evaluated the safety and efficacy of paxlovid treatment in the analyzed study group. The authors concluded that paxlovid can shorten the virus clearance time and reduce the risk of developing severe disease. In this study, no serious adverse effects of paxlovid were observed. However, due to the lack of safety and pharmacokinetic studies, paxlovid is not currently recommended (Li et al.).
Lv et al. presented the outcomes of high-throughput drug sensitivity screening (HDS) in children with rel/ref AML. The authors analyzed 37 children with rel/ref AML who received HDS. A total of 24 patients (64.9%) had adverse cytogenetics, and two children had rel/ref AML with central nervous system infiltration. The 3-year overall survival (OS) and EFS rates were 45.9% and 43.2%, respectively. The main cause of death was infection during neutropenia. The results of this study suggest that the HDS-guided chemotherapy regimen is associated with a high bone marrow remission rate and a good safety profile in childhood rel/ref AML, and therefore, may be a good bridging treatment for stem cell transplantation. However, a prospective study for a large patient group is necessary (Lv et al.).
In summary, the diagnosis of hematologic malignancies, patient management, supportive care, and assessment of treatment response have improved significantly. The development of molecular research has led to the genetic characterization of childhood cancers, resulting in molecularly targeted agents and immunotherapies.
Author contributions
JZ: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – original draft. ML: Supervision, Writing – original draft. KD: Supervision, Writing – original draft.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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References
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6. Majzner RG, Mackall CL. Tumor antigen escape from CAR T-cell therapy. Cancer Discov. (2018) 8:1219–26. doi: 10.1158/2159-8290
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Keywords: hematological malignancies, children, diagnosis, therapy, molecular methods
Citation: Zawitkowska J, Lejman M and Derwich K (2023) Editorial: Diagnosis and therapy pediatric hematological malignancies: recent progress. Front. Pediatr. 11:1303561. doi: 10.3389/fped.2023.1303561
Received: 28 September 2023; Accepted: 9 October 2023;
Published: 26 October 2023.
Edited and Reviewed by: Birgit Knoechel, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, United States
© 2023 Zawitkowska, Lejman and Derwich. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Joanna Zawitkowska joannazawitkowska@umlub.pl