Application of enhanced recovery after surgery during the perioperative period in children with Meckel’s diverticulum–a single-center prospective clinical trial

Background: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) has been widely used in adult surgery. However, few studies have reported the efficacy of ERAS in paediatric patients with Meckel's diverticulum (MD), the aim of the study was to prospectively evaluate the safety and efficacy of ERAS in treating MD.

Methods: A prospective randomised controlled study of children with MD admitted to our hospital from Jan 1, 2021 to Dec 31, 2023 were conducted, we developed and implemented an ERAS program for this patients. All cases were strictly selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Among these patients, they were randomly assigned to the ERAS group or the traditional (TRAD) group with random number table row randomization. The main observational indicators were operation time, intraoperative hemorrhage, FLACC pain scale results on 2 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h after surgery, length of postoperative stay (LOPS), time to first defecation, time to first eating after surgery, time to discontinuation of intravenous infusion, total treatment cost, incidence of postoperative complications, 30-day readmission rate and parental satisfaction rate.

Results: A total of 50 patients underwent Meckel's diverticulectomy during this period, 7 patients were excluded, 23 patients were assigned to the ERAS group and 20 patients were assigned to the TRAD group. There were no significant differences in demographic data and operation time, intraoperative hemorrhage. The FLACC pain scale results on 2 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h after surgery were significantly lower in the ERAS group. The LOPS was 6.17 ± 0.89 days in the ERAS group and 8.30 ± 1.26 days in the TRAD group, resulting in a significantly shorter LOPS in ERAS group. ERAS could also reduce the first postoperative defecation time, the time to first eating after surgery and the time to discontinuation of intravenous infusion. The treatment cost was decreased in the ERAS group. The rate of complications and 30-day readmission were not significantly different between the two groups.

Conclusions: In this single-center study, the ERAS protocol for patients with MD requiring surgery was safe and effective.

1 Introduction

ERAS is a series of perioperative optimisation measures under multidisciplinary collaboration aimed at alleviate patients’ pain, reduce perioperative psychological and physiological stress, and reduce the occurrence of postoperative complications, thereby accelerating patients’ postoperative recovery (1). ERAS was first used in adult colorectal surgery and is now widely accepted by adult surgeons. ERAS has been progressively used in paediatric surgery recent years, but there are not many high-quality literature on the implementation of ERAS programs (2). Children experience a more complex surgical stress response than adults. Therefore, optimising perioperative management in children is particularly important and urgent.

Meckel's diverticulum (MD) is caused by incomplete obliteration of the viteline duct during embryonic (3), it is a common congenital intestinal malformation accounting for half of pediatric gastrointestinal bleeds in childhood, with a prevalence in the general population of approximately 2% to 4% (4). In most cases it is clinically silent and found incidentally during abdominal exploration for other pathologies. Most patients are diagnosed due to complications such as gastrointestinal bleeding, intussusception, intestinal obstruction or diverticulitis, which require surgical treatment once detected (5, 6). With the popularization of minimally invasive surgical techniques, laparoscopic-assisted Meckel's diverticulectomy has become a popular surgical procedure (7, 8).

However, few studies have reported the efficacy of ERAS in paediatric MD patients. We conducted a prospective single-center randomized study to investigate the safety and efficacy of ERAS on the treatment of MD.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Study design

2.1.1 General information

The study was a prospective, single-center randomized controlled study of an ERAS program adapted for children with MD undergoing operations from Jan 1, 2021 to Dec 31, 2023. All cases were strictly selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Among these patients, they were randomly assigned to the ERAS group or the traditional (TRAD) group with random number table row randomization. The TRAD group was the control group. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Gansu Maternal and Child Health Hospital (No. (2022)GSFY Review (29)), and informed consent was obtained from family members.

Inclusion criteria:

1. Previous history of blood in stool, and obtained a clear diagnosis by isotopic ectopic gastric mucosal imaging, B-mode ultrasound or small bowel microscopy;

2. Isotopic ectopic gastric mucosal imaging, B-mode ultrasound or small bowel microscopy did not obtain a clear diagnosis, after the conservative treatment by the internal medicine, the blood in stool is still recurrent, and highly suspected of MD;

3. Postoperative pathological diagnosis of MD.

Exclusion criteria:

1. Age >7 years, or <3 years;

2. Previous history of abdominal surgery;

3. Patients with MD in combination with other abdominal surgeries;

4. Comorbidity with other serious diseases that may affect rehabilitation;

5. Serious postoperative complications that make continuation of the ERAS programme unsuitable.

2.1.2 Surgical methods

Both groups underwent laparoscopic-assisted transumbilical Meckel's diverticulectomy as reported in the literature (9). All procedures were performed by the same surgical and anesthesia team, and the surgeon had more than 3 years of experience in laparoscopic surgery.

2.1.3 Observation indicators

The main observational indicators were operation time, intraoperative hemorrhage, FLACC pain scale results on 2 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h after surgery, length of postoperative stay (LOPS), time to first defecation, time to first eating after surgery, time to discontinuation of intravenous infusion, total treatment cost, incidence of postoperative complications, 30-day readmission rate and parental satisfaction rate.

Parental satisfaction rate was captured from parents when the children were discharged from hospital. We takes a 5-level grading methods for quantification, which is divided into “very satisfied, satisfied, average, dissatisfied and very dissatisfied”. If the parents choose “satisfied” or “very satisfied”, we consider that they were satisfied with the treatment during hospitalization.

2.2 Perioperative management

The development of the ERAS program includes elements of pre-operative, intraoperative and post-operative care. The main differences between the ERAS and TRAD programs are shown in Table 1. Additionally, in the ERAS group, 2 ml/kg of 5% GS was given orally every 3 h after 2 h of awakening from anaesthesia, and a residue-free diet was given on the first postoperative day, followed by a liquid diet on the second day, and gradually transitioning to a normal diet. In the TRAD group, patients were fasted for 3–5 days after surgery, starting with 5% GS and then gradually transitioning to a normal diet. If patient could tolerate oral feeding, the infusion was discontinued. For anaesthesia, dexmedetomidine continuous intravenous pumping combined with 0.25% ropivacaine injection 0.5 mg/kg local incision infiltration was used in the ERAS group. The FLACC pain rating scale was used for pain assessment at 2 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h postoperatively, respectively. Ibuprofen suppositories were used for analgesia when the FLACC pain score was ≥7.

Table 1

Table 1. Difference in perioperative care between the ERAS and TRAD groups.

Discharge criteria: fully tolerated orally; intravenous fluids stopped; good healing of surgical incisions; normal urination and defecation; no fever; no abdominal pain and none of the other complications.

2.3 Follow-up

After discharge, the nurse will follow up by telephone. If there was any discomfort such as fever or abdominal pain, the patient would be suggested to come back for examination. The follow-up time was 6 months.

2.4 Statistics

SPSS version 26.00 was applied for statistical analysis. Normally distributed measurements were described by median and standard deviations, and independent samples t-test was used for comparison; Non-normally distributed data were described by median and quartiles, and Mann-Whitney u-test was used for comparison. Count data were compared using the χ² test or Fisher's exact probability method. All tests were two-tailed and P < 0.05 was considered a statistically significant difference.

3 Results

A total of 50 patients underwent Meckel's diverticulectomy during this period, 7 patients were excluded, 23 patients were assigned to the ERAS group and 20 patients were assigned to the TRAD group (Figure 1). The general information of the patients is shown in Table 2. There was no statistically significant comparison of age, weight and gender between the two groups (P > 0.05) (Table 2).

Figure 1

Figure 1. Screening flow chart of this study.

Table 2

Table 2. General information of the patients.

There were no statistically significant difference in operation time and intraoperative hemorrhage between the two groups. The FLACC pain scale results on 2 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h after surgery were significantly lower in the ERAS group than in the TRAD group (P < 0.001) (Table 3).

Table 3

Table 3. Outcomes in the ERAS group compared to the TRAD group.

The LOPS was 6.17 ± 0.89 days in the ERAS group and 8.30 ± 1.26 days in the TRAD group, resulting in a significantly shorter LOPS in the ERAS group than in the control group (P < 0.001) (Table 3).

ERAS could also reduce the first postoperative defecation time (P < 0.001), the time to first eating after surgery (P < 0.001) and the time to discontinuation of intravenous infusion (P < 0.001). The treatment cost was decreased in the ERAS group (P < 0.001). The rate of complications (P > 0.05) and 30-day readmission (P > 0.05) were not significantly different between the two groups. ERAS group has a higher parental satisfaction rate, although there was no statistical difference (96% vs. 90%). There were no readmissions or deaths in the two groups (Table 3).

4 Discussion

In the late 1990s, Danish surgeon Kehlet first proposed the concept of ERAS (10). ERAS program is mainly achieved through preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative measures (11). Preoperative measures mainly include perioperative counseling, minimized preoperative fasting; Intraoperative measures mainly include optimal anesthesia, minimally invasive techniques, temperature management, infusion management; Postoperative measures mainly include minimized postoperative fasting, early postoperative mobilization, limited intravenous fluids, and early removal of surgical tubes (12, 13). The results of this study showed that compared with the traditional perioperative management, ERAS was used to significantly reduce pain in children with laparoscopic-assisted Meckel's diverticulectomy. The ERAS group had an advantage over the TRAD group in terms of LOPS, the time of first defecation after operation, the time to first eating after surgery, the time to discontinuation of intravenous infusion, the treatment cost, and the incidence of postoperative complications and 30-day readmission rate did not increase, which suggests that ERAS can be safely and effectively applied to children with MD.

4.1 Preoperative management

The child’s anxiety and fear usually stems from unfamiliarity with the environment, whereas the parents’ anxiety often stems from a lack of knowledge about the disease and fear of surgery (14). Perioperative counseling provided by surgeons, anesthesiologists, and surgical ward nurses is very important, can provide relevant knowledge about MD, may alleviate children's and their parents’ psychological stress, and motivate participate in the perioperative care such as early mobilization and oral feeding. In our study, families were actively cooperating with the ERAS program. Parental satisfaction rate in the EARS group was 96%, which was higher than 90% in the TRAD group, although there was no statistical difference.

The changes of the fasting concept was the earliest measure proposed by ERAS. Long preoperative fasting can lead to dehydration, hypoglycemia, and anxiety in children (15, 16). According to the recommendations by the American society of anesthesiologists in 2017, clear liquids may be ingested for up to 2 h, breast milk for up to 4 h, infant formula and light meals or non-human milk may be ingested for up to 6 h before procedures requiring general anesthesia, regional anesthesia, or procedural sedation and analgesia (17). In this study, the ERAS group shortened the preoperative fasting time, relieved hunger, improved the comfort of patients, and alleviated anxiety among the children's families.

4.2 Intraoperative management

Pain is considered as the fifth vital sign (18).The pain regulation system of children is not as well developed as that of adults, and the level of stress response after surgery is approximately 3–5 times higher than that of adults (19). The wound pain after abdominal surgery restricts the respiratory movement, making it difficult to cough and expel airway secretions, pulmonary infections are prone to occur. At the same time, pain makes children cry and become irritable, delayis early postoperative mobilization time and affects wound healing. Single analgesic measure cannot achieve good analgesic effects, it is necessary to combine different analgesic drugs or different analgesic methods to make up for the inadequacy of a single analgesic drug or analgesic method (20, 21). The Guidelines for Perioperative Care in Elective Colorectal Surgery (2018) clearly states that postoperative analgesia should adopt a Multimodal Analgesia (MMA) Management (12).

MMA specifically recommends local analgesic techniques and believes that invasive local anesthesia through incisions is necessary for either open or laparoscopic surgery (22). Dexmedetomidine is a highly selective α2-adrenoreceptor agonist with sedative, analgesic, anxiolytic and sympatholytic without causing respiratory depression, it is commonly used in MMA (23). In this study, a multimodal analgesic regimen of local anesthesia combined with dexmedetomidine was used in the ERAS group, we found that the scores at 2 h, 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h after surgery in the ERAS group were lower than those in the TRAD group, indicating that the MMA patterns effectively alleviate postoperative pain in children and promote early mobilization after surgery.

Studies have shown that low temperature in the perioperative period can cause abnormal coagulation function, which can easily lead to the occurrence of complications such as surgical site infection, delayed wound healing, and cardiac arrhythmia (24), and the use of warm mattresses and heaters to maintain the child's core body temperature of no less than 36 °C can reduce intraoperative hemorrhage, shorten the operation time, and accelerate the recovery after the operation.

4.3 Postoperative management

Research has found that minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery has lesser interference on the intestines than traditional open surgery, and the gastrointestinal function can be returned to normal in 1–2 days postoperatively. Nasogastric tube is not routinely used unless delayed gastric emptying occurs (12, 25). In addition, prolonged indwelling urinary tube not only increase the discomfort of children, but also increase the incidence of urinary tract infections. Postoperative prophylactic abdominal drainage in patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery does not reduce the incidence or severity of anastomotic leaks and other complications, therefore, centres with mature laparoscopic techniques may consider omitting abdominal drainage (26). In our study, nasogastric and urinary tubes were not routinely used in the ERAS group, nor did they place abdominal drainage tubes unless they had much exudation during surgery. No discomfort such as vomiting, abdominal distention, urinary retention, and no complications such as anastomotic leakage occurred after operation.

Almost all ERAS studies have measures related to early postoperative feeding. Regarding the choice of feeding time after intestinal surgery, most surgeons still follow the traditional principle of fasting for one week after surgery and then gradually starting eating. A study has found that fasting for more than 24 h after surgery leads to weakened muscle function and significantly increased insulin resistance in the body (27). In addition, prolonged fasting may impair immune function, affecting postoperative recovery and wound healing in children (28). Recent systematic review suggested that early enteral feeding within 24 h after abdominal surgery is safe and effective in children, can maintain intestinal nutrient absorption, also reduce the risk of any type of infection and the mean LOPS (29, 30). Studies have also shown that exercise can relieve pain and accelerate recovery of bowel function (31). Therefore, ERAS advocates starting enteral nutrition and postoperative mobilization as early as possible (32, 33). In our study, children in ERAS group were allowed to drink water on the first day after awakening from anaesthesia, and then gradually transitioned to a normal diet, and started getting out of bed on the first postoperative day. The time to first defecation and the time to first eating after surgery was advanced in the EARS group. It also shortened the postoperative intravenous infusion time and hospitalization time, reduced total treatment cost, and the incidence of postoperative complications did not increase.

Recovery of gastrointestinal function is an independent predictor of postoperative recovery. Excessive intraoperative fluid infusion not only leads to tissue oedema and increases cardiovascular and respiratory burdens, but also significantly affects the recovery of gastrointestinal function (34). The fundamental aim of fluid therapy is to maintain good tissue perfusion, both to avoid tissue hypoperfusion due to volume insufficiency and to avoid adverse effects from volume overload. During our surgery, the ERAS group used goal-directed fluid therapy and made appropriate adjustments based on urine output, intraoperative bleeding volume, and hemodynamic parameters (35). Once the patient can tolerate a normal diet after surgery, intravenous infusion were stopped in children. In this study, the time to first defecation was significantly shorter in the ERAS group, indicating that the ERAS programme resulted in a quicker recovery of gastrointestinal function.

However, this study has limitations such as single-centre design, small sample size and short follow-up time. Further expansion of the sample size and longer follow-up time are needed to investigate the applicability of this ERAS protocol to the paediatric population.

5 Conclusion

Thus, a combination of multiple perioperative interventions is more conducive to rapid postoperative recovery than separate interventions. In this single-centre study, the implementation of ERAS in MD surgery was feasible and safe, and shortened LOPS without increasing the incidence of complications.

Data availability statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Ethics statement

The studies involving humans were approved by the Ethics Committee of Gansu Maternal and Child Health Hospital (No. (2022)GSFY Review (29)). The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. Written informed consent for participation in this study was provided by the participants’ legal guardians/next of kin.

Author contributions

CW: Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Visualization, Writing – original draft. YW: Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Visualization, Writing – original draft. PZ: Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing. TL: Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft. FL: Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft. ZL: Data curation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – original draft. YQ: Data curation, Formal Analysis, Writing – original draft. XW: Data curation, Formal Analysis, Writing – original draft. WS: Data curation, Methodology, Writing – original draft. LL: Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review & editing. GL: Methodology, Project administration, Visualization, Writing – review & editing. YW: Conceptualization, Resources, Visualization, Writing – review & editing.

Funding

The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

This work was supported by the Gansu Provincial Health and Wellness Sector Research Programme (GSWSHL2020-01)

Acknowledgments

We thank the patients, nurses, doctors, and administrators for their participation in the study. Secondly, thank the participants and their parents or guardians in the medical center. CCW thanks her friends and family members for always accompanying with her.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher's note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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