Ethnobotanical Survey on Bitter Tea in Taiwan

Abstract

Ethnopharmacological evidence: In Taiwan, herbal tea is considered a traditional medicine and has been consumed for hundreds of years. In contrast to regular tea, herbal teas are prepared using plants other than the regular tea plant, Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze. Bitter tea (kǔ-chá), a series of herbal teas prepared in response to common diseases in Taiwan, is often made from local Taiwanese plants. However, the raw materials and formulations have been kept secret and verbally passed down by store owners across generations without a fixed recipe, and the constituent plant materials have not been disclosed.

Aim of the study: The aim was to determine the herbal composition of bitter tea sold in Taiwan, which can facilitate further studies on pharmacological applications and conserve cultural resources.

Materials and methods: Interviews were conducted through a semi-structured questionnaire. The surveyed respondents were traditional sellers of traditional herbal tea. The relevant literature was collated for a systematic analysis of the composition, characteristics, and traditional and modern applications of the plant materials used in bitter tea. We also conducted an association analysis of the composition of Taiwanese bitter tea with green herb tea (qing-cao-cha tea), another commonly consumed herbal tea in Taiwan, as well as herbal teas in neighboring areas outside Taiwan.

Results: After visiting a total of 59 stores, we identified 32 bitter tea formulations and 73 plant materials. Asteraceae was the most commonly used family, and most stores used whole plants. According to a network analysis of nine plant materials used in high frequency as drug pairs, Tithonia diversifolia and Ajuga nipponensis were found to be the core plant materials used in Taiwanese bitter tea.

Conclusion: Plant materials used in Taiwanese bitter tea were distinct, with multiple therapeutic functions. Further research is required to clarify their efficacy and mechanisms.

Introduction

Herbal tea is a drink composed of plants other than Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze of the Theaceae family—in contrast to regular tea—and is prepared by decocting or brewing with hot water. Herbal tea is commonly prepared with local plants that can be easily obtained (Fu et al., 2018). The custom of brewing tea with herbs is found all over the world, including Europe (Soukand and Kalle, 2013; Soukand et al., 2013), America (Joubert et al., 2008), Africa (Roulette et al., 2018), and Asia (Hu, 2005). The herbs used could be a single herb or a mixture of multiple plants. In many areas, herbal teas are used as therapeutic vehicles to treat associated health conditions (Poswal et al., 2019).

In China, herbal tea has been consumed for more than 2000 years (Liu et al., 2013). Famous herbal teas in pan-China include those are drunk in Yao area (Jin et al., 2018), Lingnan (Liu Y. et al., 2013), Chaoshan (Li et al., 2017), and Fujian (Lin, 2014), and Taiwan (Chang, 2005). Furthermore, this beverage has been closely associated with the prevention and treatment of local common ailments (Li et al., 2017; Tan et al., 2017). The herbal teas in Lingnan (Liu Y. et al., 2013), Chaoshan (Li et al., 2017), and Fujian (Lin, 2014) are called the“cool tea,” implying that the herbal teas are used against the hot weather in southern China. The type of herbal tea is also influenced by the traditional culture of various regions, thereby reflecting local characteristics (Hu, 2005).

Although the folk plants in Taiwan are widely used in religious rites, bathing, cuisine, and herbal tea, international literature on Taiwanese folk plants is limited. According to previous surveys, there are 1,217 wild or cultivated folk plants with medicinal purposes have been documented in Taiwan (Ministry of Health and Welfare, 2021). The two main herbal teas in Taiwan, bitter tea (kŭ-chá) and green herb tea (qīng-căo-chá), are the two most complicated applications of folk plants in Taiwan. Both of them are usually made by cooking a mixture of medicinal plants (Chang, 2004). The mixtures of medicinal plants, in which there are the mixtures of bioactive compounds, exert synergistic therapeutic effects (Gertsch, 2011; Gras et al., 2018). Herbal teas in Taiwan are believed to have originated in southern China. After arriving in Taiwan, the ingredients of original herbal teas gradually turned into readily available Taiwanese native plants, and then, herbal teas that are suitable for local people were gradually developed (Chen and Lin, 2012).

Although the formulations of bitter tea and green herb tea vary across Taiwanese stores, they are all primarily advertised as having the capacity to “clear heat” (Huang et al., 2020). In the principle of traditional Chinese medicine formulation, one to three medicinal materials play the role of core medicinal materials in an herbal mixture. Other medicinal materials are added to enhance the therapeutic effects, improve the taste, or reduce the side effects of the core plant medicinal materials (Zhou et al., 2016).

According to previous research and surveys, the main components of green herb tea in Taiwan are Platostoma palustre (Blume) A.J.Paton, Bidens pilosa L., Pteris multifida Poir., Mentha arvensis L., Sphagneticola calendulacea (L.) Pruski, and Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz (Huang et al., 2020). These tea beverages prepared by mixing and decocting these plants have a refreshing, half bitter/half sweet taste, and are used for quenching thirst and relieving summer heat (Huang et al., 2020). The other Taiwanese main herbal tea, the Taiwanese bitter tea, is also known as liver nourishing tea (yăng-gān-chá), and thick green herb tea (nóng-hóu-qīng-căo-chá). It is characterized by a bitter-dominated taste that is stronger than that of regular green herb tea (Chang, 2005). Although bitter tea has been consumed for hundreds of years in Taiwan, its components and core medicinal materials have not been comprehensively studied, which has impeded the investigation of its efficacy against various health conditions.

Traditional Chinese medicine categorizes medicinal materials according to their property and flavor. The property includes hot, warm, neutral, cool, cold. Hot and warm materials are usually taken to supply energy to the body, while cool and cold materials are taken to drain away the heat from the body (Liu et al., 2020). The flavors are divided into sour, bitter, sweet, spicy, salty, and plain. Flavor is the taste of herbs in the mouth. Each of the flavors has distinct medicinal therapeutic functions. Sour herbs astringe the leakage of fluids and energy; sweet herbs tonify and harmonize; spicy herbs disperse and move; salty herbs soften and purge; plain herbs leech out dampness; and finally, the traditional therapeutic function associated with bitter herbs is heat clearing and removing dampmess (Bensky et al., 2004; Lu et al., 2018; Liu et al.,. 2020). The heat-clearing and dampess-draining effects provided by the bitter taste are used to combat the discomfort caused by the summer rainy season (Wu, 2005). Moreover, according to a previous study, the administration of bitter drugs can help treat liver disease (Tsai et al., 2020). For example, Gentiana scabra Bunge, Artemisia capillaris Thunb., and Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi are the most classical and commonly used traditional Chinese medicines for liver disease (Tsai et al., 2020).

Only one of the two main types of herbal tea in Taiwan, the composition and pharmacology of green herb tea constituents have been studied and reported (Huang et al., 2020), whereas those of the raw materials of bitter tea have not yet been elucidated. According to local reference books, most raw materials used in such herbal teas are either cultivated locally or wildly harvested. They require simple process after collection and are decocted after drying (Chang, 2005). However, the formula of Taiwanese bitter tea is not in the public domain, considering that every store keeps their recipe a secret. In the present study, we surveyed sellers of folk herbal medicine in Taiwan. The survey was conducted via interviews using semi-structured questionnaires, and information recorded included the current status of the bitter tea market in Taiwan as well as the ingredients and formulations used. The results of the present study can help reveal the ethnopharmacological aspects of bitter tea consumed in Taiwan and facilitate the conservation of such unique cultural resources.

Materials and Methods

Survey Area and Period

Taiwan, an island in East Asia, is located at 21°45′-25°56′N and 119°18′-124°34′E. It spans the Tropic of Cancer, covers an area of 36,197 km², and mostly has a subtropical climate with monsoons, warm and humid summers, and heavy rainfall. In the present study, 59 stores were visited, 25 of which provided information on bitter tea formulations and participated in the interviews. Seven stores only provided information on the bitter tea formula used in their stores but did not give interviews. The 32 sampled stores were distributed all over Taiwan (Figure 1). The survey period was from December 2018 to April 2019, and the entire research activity was reviewed and approved by Taiwan’s Central Regional Research Ethics Center (CRREC-107-019) (Supplementary Figure S1).

FIGURE 1

Interviews and Data Collection

A semi-structured questionnaire was used for interviews, and the subjects were store owners selling bitter tea. The stores were found online or introduced to us by organizations involved with local medicinal plants. The store owners were invited to participate in the survey, and interviews were conducted on a voluntary basis. With the permission of the informants, written records, audio recordings, and photographs were obtained, and herbal medicines were acquired by the authors. The medicinal materials were then identified using the five senses identification method, with which the expert identify the origin of medicinal materials by touch, taste, smell, hearing, and visual observation, without any equipments (Hsieh et al., 2017). The specimens of the medicinal materials have been deposited in the herbarium at School of Pharmacy of China Medical University (CMU) in Taichung City, Taiwan.

The information collected by the interviews was divided into two parts. The first part included basic information on the store, including age and sex of the store owner, store location, and how long the store has been in operation. The second part was a semi-structured questionnaire consisting of the following questions: 1) what is the composition of bitter tea; 2) what is the traditional therapeutic indication of the bitter tea sold in your store; 3) how was the traditional knowledge of the bitter tea obtained; and 4) does the store sell dry or fresh raw materials needed to make the tea?

Data Collection of Bitter Tea Plant Materials in Taiwan

Core Network Analysis of Bitter Tea Use in Taiwan

Core network analysis was carried out using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Inheritance Support System (TCMISS) v2.5 (Wu et al., 2019; Chao et al., 2020; Wu Z. et al., 2020). Several matching frequency conditions were input into the software to find a suitable network diagram. Establishing connections when combinations of plant materials had a matching frequency greater than four was found the most proper to generate the network that clearly present the core medicinal materials. The length of the connection indicates the degree of matching frequency, and the size of the circles represent the relative UV.

Results

Respondents’ Data and Store Information

A total of 59 stores selling bitter tea were visited for this study. Among them, 25 participated in interviews and provided the formulations for bitter tea; 7 were unwilling to participate in the interviews but provided bitter tea formulations; and 27 declined to participate in interviews and did not provide formulations. Of the 25 traditional stores that participated in interviews, 50% have been operating for more than 50 years. The store owners were mainly male (76%), with ages ranging from 31 to 70 years. Knowledge on bitter tea formulations was mostly passed down through family members (76%) or apprentices (20%). All stores sold prepared bitter tea drinks (100%), 36% sold dry raw materials, and 48% sold both dry and fresh raw materials (Supplementary Figure S2). In addition, all bitter tea sellers sold green herb tea.

Plant Materials Used in Bitter Tea and Their Territories in Taiwan

In the present study, 73 plant materials from 72 plants belonging to 33 families and 67 genera were identified. Among the 73 medicinal materials, 60% of them were cultivated, 63% of them can be collected in the wild, and 37% were both cultivated and wild (Supplementary Table S1). The average number of plants materials in a formulation is 5.7 (Supplementary Table S2). The top five ranking species include Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees, Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray (both UV = 0.312), Ajuga nipponensis Makino, Ixeris chinensis (Thunb. ex Thunb.) Nakai (both UV = 0.281), and Ilex asprella (Hook. & Arn.) Champ. ex Benth (UV = 0.25). Regarding the plant families, Asteraceae was the most frequently used, comprising 16.7% among 72 plants and 75.0% among 32 formulations, followed by Lamiaceae, comprising 15.3% among total plants and 65% among formulations (Figure 2A). The most used plant parts were the whole plant (41.1%), followed by the root and rhizome (20.6%) (Figure 2B).

FIGURE 2

The Shannon diversity index for all the 73 medicinal materials in Taiwan was 5.73. Among the northern, central, and southern Taiwan, the medicinal materials used in northern Taiwan were the most diverse, with a Shannon diversity index of 5.27. While the Shannon diversity indices of central and southern Taiwan were 4.92 and 4.11, respectively. Moreover, the more the north, the more species of medicinal materials were used. A total of 49 medicinal materials were used in bitter tea in northern Taiwan, while there were only 34 medicinal materials used in Central Taiwan, and even fewer in southern Taiwan, with only 20 medicinal materials (Supplementary Table S3). In these three areas, only nine medicinal materials were commonly used (Figure 2C). They were Tithonia diversifolia (stem), Ixeris chinensis, Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz, Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq., Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees, Solanum incanum, Mallotus repandus (Willd.) Muell.-Arg., Sphagneticola calendulacea (L.) Pruski, and Pteris multifida Poir.

Ethnomedicinal Functions of the Bitter Tea

When asked about the traditional applications of the bitter tea sold at a store, all sellers answered based on traditional concepts in Taiwan folk therapy; the bitter flavor is said to protect the liver, and the main ethnomedicinal function of bitter tea is “clearing heat, protecting the liver, and lowering liver fire.” The sellers also stated that bitter tea is a type of folk therapy product for the liver.

The traditional applications of the 73 identified plant materials were revealed, excluding T. diversifolia (stem) and A. keiskei since there were no records on their properties and flavors (Supplementary Table S1). The cold, hot, warm, and cool properties were then analyzed for 71 plant materials; cold properties were the most common (46.5%) followed by cool (26.8%), jointly accounting for 73.3% of the plant material properties (Figure 3A). Moreover, 69% of the plant materials had a bitter flavor (Figure 3B). According to a comprehensive analysis of the four properties and five flavors, cold and bitter plants are the most commonly used for preparing bitter tea in Taiwan (Figure 3C). Analysis of the ethnomedicinal function showed that 63.9, 54.8, 25.0, and 25.0% of the 73 plant materials had heat-clearing, detoxification, detumescence, and diuresis effects, respectively (Figure 3D).

FIGURE 3

Among the 24 commonly used plant materials in Taiwanese bitter tea, those with a frequency of use greater than nine were collected to analyze their modern pharmacological applications (Table 1). Anti-inflammation was the most common pharmacological action (Figure 3E), followed by anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, hepatoprotection, and antidiabetic effects.

Comparison Between Taiwanese Bitter Tea and Green Herb Tea

We next compared the top 15 most commonly used plant materials between Taiwanese bitter tea and green herb tea (Figure 4A) and found an overlap of only four plant materials: Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., P. palustre, I. asprella, and Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz. Therefore, the plant materials used vary between these two tea types.

FIGURE 4

Plant materials with a bitter flavor were then divided into bitter cold and sweet cold; bitter cold plant materials accounted for 37.1 and 21.4% of the bitter tea and green herb tea plant materials, respectively, whereas sweet cold plants were used in the same proportion of approximately 19% (Figure 4B). The UV values of the top five most commonly used plant materials were higher for green herb tea than for bitter tea (Figure 4C). Moreover, the composition of green herb tea sold in different stores was shown to have minimal differences and high consistency, whereas the constituents of bitter tea differed among businesses in Taiwan. Therefore, the selection of plant materials for bitter tea is not consistent.

Anti-inflammation is the most published aspect in plant pharmacology research associated with the top 15 most commonly used plant materials in bitter tea and green herb tea (Figure 4D). For green herb tea, this is followed by antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer effects, which is slightly different than that for bitter tea (Figure 4D).

Comparison of Taiwanese Bitter Tea With That of Herbal Tea From Lingnan, Chaoshan, and Fujian

In the south of China near Taiwan, there are other local herbal teas (liang-cha; cool tea) that are commonly consumed. Comparisons of Taiwanese bitter tea with herbal teas from the Lingnan area (Liu Y. et al., 2013), Chaoshan area (Li et al., 2017), and Fujian (Lin, 2014) revealed that the plant materials used in herbal teas vary across the four locations. Notably, 35 (48.0%) of the plant materials used in bitter tea, according to the survey, were limited to Taiwan (Figure 5).

FIGURE 5

Analysis of High-Frequency Drug Pairs and Core Network Analysis of Taiwanese Bitter Tea

To identify the drug pairs used in high frequencies, we performed core network analysis. Eight drug pairs appeared more than four times in 32 formulations and included nine medicinal plant materials from A. paniculata, I. asprella, T. diversifolia, A. nipponensis, Mallotus repandus (Willd.) Muell.-Arg., Bombax ceiba L., Solanum incanum L., and I. chinensis. The most commonly used drug pairs were A. paniculata–A. nipponensis and A. paniculata–I. asprella, with a frequency of occurrence of 5 in 32 formulations.

We constructed a network diagram (Figure 6) of the core components of Taiwanese bitter tea using TCMISS v2.5, and found that the core medicinal materials were from A. nipponensis and T. diversifolia. The medicinal plants often matched with A. nipponensis were I. chinensis, A. paniculata, and T. diversifolia, whereas those often matched with T. diversifolia were A. nipponensis, I. asprella, and M. repandus surrounded by T. diversifolia, M. repandus, and S. incanum.

FIGURE 6

Discussion

In ethnopharmacological research, the method of field surveys have been used to explore the medicinal plants and traditional medicines prescribed for certain diseases in different regions. Topics related to medicinal botanicals that employed field investigation in the past include quality control of authentic medicinal materials (Zhao et al., 2012), green herb tea (Huang et al., 2020), herbal tea (Liu et al., 2013; Li et al., 2017), medicinal diets (Tan et al., 2017), and herbal compositions of lactation promoting herbs (Chao et al., 2020). In the present study, the field survey was adopted on Taiwanese bitter tea. We surveyed and analyzed the formulations of Taiwanese bitter tea, a special herbal tea commonly consumed in Taiwan, and revealed its current status in terms of ingredients and function.

Most of the identified plant materials in the study belonged to the family Asteraceae and Lamiaceae. The high involvement of Asteraceae and Lamiaceae in Taiwanese bitter tea is consistent with some other investigations in folk medicine outside Taiwan. They are two of the “hot families” in the medical plants (Saslis-Lagoudakis et al., 2011). Medicinal plants of the two families are dominant in Mediterranean (Gras et al., 2018), Ugandan (Tugume and Nyakoojo, 2019), Turkish (Güneş et al., 2017), Lebanese (Baydoun et al., 2015), Peruvian (Rehecho et al., 2011), Jordanian (Alzweiri et al., 2011), and Algerian (Rachid et al., 2012) folk medicines. Asteraceae exhibits high environmental adaptability and hosts a large number of naturalized and invasive plants globally. In addition, the climate in Taiwan is conducive for Asteraceae growth, and plants in this family are the third most abundant vascular plants in Taiwan, making them very easy to obtain in the wild (Rolnik and Olas, 2021). Asteraceae plants also possess numerous and diverse flavors. The Lamiaceae family is the second largest source of plant raw materials used in Taiwanese bitter tea. Lamiaceae family plants are characterized by high amounts of volatile oils, and thus the plants are extensively used as culinary herbs (Napoli et al., 2020). Previous studies have reported that the volatile oils of these plants have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties (Nieto, 2017), which may explain why Lamiaceae is widely used in herbal tea. This study also found several naturalized plants that were introduced from America and Africa used in bitter tea. American native plants introduced into Taiwan and used in bitter tea included Physalis angulata L., Bidens pilosa L., and Tithonia diversifolia, and African native plants included Solanum incanum L. and Momordica charantia L. (Wu et al., 2004).

The diversity analysis for the northern, central, and southern Taiwan revealed that the more the north, the more diversity of medicinal materials were. Northern Taiwan is the political and economic center of Taiwan, with very little land to grow and correct plants. The medicinal materials used in northern Taiwan are usually imported from other areas. On the other hand, the central and southern areas of Taiwan grow more plants, including medicinal plants, and have more wild land, where wild medicinal plants could be collected. Therefore, medicinal materials used by stores in the central and southern Taiwan were more readily available and more restricted locally than those in northern Taiwan. This is the reason we speculated for the more number of medicinal materials and higher diversity in Northern Taiwan than in other areas.

All participants in the survey reported that the main function of bitter tea is to protect the liver. A previous study on green herb tea in Taiwan also reported similar results (Chen and Lin, 2012). We suspected that this result is associated with the past high prevalence of hepatitis B in Taiwan, with 15–20% of the population being chronic hepatitis B carriers. Although the Taiwanese government promoted large-scale vaccination initiatives for newborns that reduced the incidence of hepatitis B (Wait and Chen, 2012), hepatitis C—a major cause of liver cirrhosis and liver cancer—is still prevalent in Taiwan (Yu et al., 2020). According to the cause of death statistics, chronic liver disease and liver cirrhosis remain among the top 10 causes of death, with liver cancer part of the top 10 cancers in Taiwan (Ministry of Health and Welfare, 2019). Therefore, people seek local plant materials that can “protect the liver” and provide “liver protection.” Therefore, Taiwanese bitter tea may have developed as a medicinal drink under such circumstances.

Taiwanese bitter tea was mainly composed of cold and cool plant materials. According to theory of traditional Chinese medicine, cold and cool plants have a “heat clearing” effect, which can treat “heat syndrome”. Heat syndrome refers to symptoms such as redness, fever, inflammation, yellow and red urine, and dry stool (Su et al., 2013). In the survey, many storekeepers mentioned that the components rendering the bitter flavor can enter the liver and that plant raw materials of bitter plants have liver “fire reduction” effects. Therefore, Taiwanese bitter tea is used to reduce “liver fire” and improve liver health. Other commonly used traditional Chinese medicines with bitter flavor for treating liver diseases include Gentiana scabra Bunge, Artemisia capillaris, and S. baicalensis (Tsai et al., 2020). In addition, bitterness-imparting compounds have been extracted from Artemisia absinthium L., a medicinal plant with hepatoprotective effects and a strong bitter taste that has been traditionally used in Europe.

During our analysis of the use and properties of Taiwanese bitter tea plant materials in the literature, we found that hepatoprotection was the fifth most published aspect for the 24 most commonly used plant materials and the fourth for the top 15 plant materials by frequency. Plants with high UV values, such as A. paniculate (Hossain et al., 2014), A. nipponensis (Hsieh et al., 2016), and T. diversifolia (Mabou Tagne et al., 2018) were reported to have hepatoprotective effects in pharmacological studies, whereas I. chinensis was reported to have antiviral effects against the hepatitis B virus. Meanwhile, hepatoprotection was ranked sixth for Taiwanese green herb tea. The most frequently reported pharmacological action of plant materials in bitter tea was anti-inflammation, followed by anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-glycosuria effects. Long-term chronic inflammation can cause excessive oxidative stress, which is a major cause of cancer development (Bishayee, 2014); therefore, anti-inflammatories and antioxidants are considered to have potential roles in preventing cancer. For Taiwanese green herb tea, the most reported pharmacological action for the plant materials was anti-inflammation, followed by antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer (Huang et al., 2020). According to these data, Taiwanese green herb tea has similar benefits to those of bitter tea; however, bitter tea may have stronger hepatoprotective effects than does green herb tea.

A comparison of the composition of Taiwanese bitter tea with three popular herbal drinks from Lingnan (Liu Y. et al., 2013), Chaoshan (Li et al., 2017), and Fujian (Lin, 2014) revealed that 11 (15.1%) plants were used in common. Moreover, there are 35 (48%) plants used only in Taiwanese bitter tea but not used in the cool teas of the above-mentioned three areas of southern mainland China. Nevertheless, the functions of herbal teas advertised in these three regions in southern China are similar to those of herbal teas in Taiwan, all of which are used to “clear internal heat”. Similarly, several medicinal plants used in herbal teas in the Lingnan, Chaoshan, and Fujian were been reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory (Wu et al., 2020), and hepatoprotective (Bao et al., 2008) properties in pharmacological studies. However, given that almost half of the plant materials used in Taiwanese bitter tea are not used in herbal teas from Lingnan, Chaoshan, and Fujian, Taiwanese bitter tea can be regarded as a unique herbal tea.

The store owners selling Taiwanese bitter tea had a wide age distribution. Seventy-six percent of the source of knowledge on plant materials used in Taiwanese bitter tea was information passed down over generations. Generally, the herbal tea industry is traditional and conservative, and the recipes are often restricted within families and are not shared with external parties. Such conservative practices in the tea industry are gradually being abandoned. According to a study on herbal tea culture in Taiwan, the sale of herbal tea in Taiwan has decreased, with the number of traditional stores gradually declining (Chen and Lin, 2012). The findings of the present study can facilitate the preservation of these ancient family recipes as well as the cultural heritage of Taiwanese bitter tea through the Taiwanese government, the field of ethnopharmacology, and the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Conclusion

Bitter tea is a major traditional drink in Taiwan. The findings of the present study indicate that Taiwanese bitter tea is a very diverse mixture without a clear core species used in all these mixture. Moreover, the plant materials used in Taiwanese bitter tea are unique and that the constituent plants have numerous functions. More follow-up studies are required to ascertain the pharmacological effects of Taiwanese bitter tea; facilitate safer and more effective use of bitter tea in Taiwan; and preserve bitter tea as a traditional culture and resource.

References

• 1

  AdewoyeE. O.OguntolaM. A.IgeA. O. (2016). Anti-oxidative and reno-restorative Effects of Physalis Angulata (Whole Plant Extract) in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Male Wistar Rats. Afr. J. Med. Med. Sci.45 (1), 99–108.

  • Google Scholar

• 2

  AdisakwattanaS.ThilavechT.ChusakC. (2014). Mesona Chinensis Benth Extract Prevents AGE Formation and Protein Oxidation against Fructose-Induced Protein Glycation In Vitro. BMC Complement. Altern. Med.14, 130. 10.1186/1472-6882-14-130

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 3

  AfolayanF. I. D.AdegbolagunO. M.IrunguB.KangetheL.OrwaJ.AnumuduC. I. (2016). Antimalarial Actions of Lawsonia Inermis, Tithonia Diversifolia and Chromolaena Odorata in Combination. J. Ethnopharmacol.191, 188–194. 10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.045

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 4

  AkyÜzE.TÜrkoĞluS.SÖzgen BaŞkanK.TÜtemE.ApakM. R. (2020). Comparison of Antioxidant Capacities and Antioxidant Components of Commercial Bitter Melon (Momordica Charantia L.) Products. Turk. J. Chem.44 (6), 1663–1673. 10.3906/kim-2007-67

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 5

  Al-DualimiD. W.Shah Abdul MajidA.Al-ShimaryS. F. F.Al-SaadiA. A.Al ZarzourR.AsifM.et al (2018). 50% Ethanol Extract of Orthosiphon Stamineus Modulates Genotoxicity and Clastogenicity Induced by Mitomycin C. Drug Chem. Toxicol.41 (1), 82–88. 10.1080/01480545.2017.1317785

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 6

  Al-EmamA.Al-ShraimM.EidR.AlfaifiM.Al-ShehriM.MoustafaM. F.et al (2018). Ultrastructural Changes Induced by Solanum Incanum Aqueous Extract on HCT 116 colon Cancer Cells. Ultrastruct. Pathol.42 (3), 255–261. 10.1080/01913123.2018.1447623

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 7

  AlvarezA.PomarF.SevillaM. A.MonteroM. J. (1999). Gastric Antisecretory and Antiulcer Activities of an Ethanolic Extract of Bidens Pilosa L. Var. Radiata Schult. Bip. J. Ethnopharmacol67 (3), 333–340. 10.1016/s0378-8741(99)00092-6

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 8

  AlzweiriM.SarhanA. A.MansiK.HudaibM.AburjaiT. (2011). Ethnopharmacological Survey of Medicinal Herbs in Jordan, the Northern Badia Region. J. Ethnopharmacol.137 (1), 27–35. 10.1016/j.jep.2011.02.007

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 9

  ArafaA. F.FodaD. S.MahmoudA. H.MetwallyN. S.FarragA. R. H. (2019). Bombax ceiba Flowers Extract Ameliorates Hepatosteatosis Induced by Ethanol and Relatively Moderate Fat Diet in Rats. Toxicol. Rep.6, 401–408. 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.04.008

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 10

  ArantesD. A. C.SilvaA. C. G. D.LimaE. M.AlonsoE. C. P.MarretoR. N.MendonçaE. F.et al (2021). Biological Effects of Formulation Containing Curcuminoids and Bidens Pilosa L. In Oral Carcinoma Cell Line. Braz. Oral Res.35, e063. 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2021.vol35.0063

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 11

  AslamM. S.AhmadM. S.MamatA. S.AhmadM. Z.SalamF. (2016). Antioxidant and Wound Healing Activity of Polyherbal Fractions of Clinacanthus Nutans and Elephantopus Scaber. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med.2016, 4685246. 10.1155/2016/4685246

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 12

  BaiM.ChenJ. J.XuW.DongS. H.LiuQ. B.LinB.et al (2020). Elephantopinolide A-P, Germacrane-type Sesquiterpene Lactones from Elephantopus Scaber Induce Apoptosis, Autophagy and G2/M Phase Arrest in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Eur. J. Med. Chem.198, 112362. 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112362

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 13

  BaoL.YaoX. S.HeR. R.KuriharaH. (2008). [Protective Effects of Guangdong Liangcha Grandes on Restraint Stress-Induced Liver Damage in Mice]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi33 (6), 664–669.

  • Google Scholar

• 14

  BenskyD.ClaveyS.StogerE. (2004). Chinese Herbal Medicine Materia Medica. Seattle, United States: Eastland Press.

  • Google Scholar

• 15

  BhargavaS.ShahM. B. (2020). Evaluation of Efficacy of Bombax ceiba Extract and its Major Constituent, Mangiferin in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced Diabetic Rats. J. Complement. Integr. Med.18 (2), 311–318. 10.1515/jcim-2020-0027

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 16

  BilandaD. C.DzeufietP. D. D.KouakepL.AboubakarB. F. O.TedongL.KamtchouingP.et al (2017). Bidens Pilosa Ethylene Acetate Extract Can Protect against L-NAME-Induced Hypertension on Rats. BMC Complement. Altern. Med.17 (1), 479. 10.1186/s12906-017-1972-0

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 17

  BishayeeA. (2014). The Role of Inflammation and Liver Cancer. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.816, 401–435. 10.1007/978-3-0348-0837-8_16

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 18

  BoonyaketgosonS.RukachaisirikulV.PhongpaichitS.TrisuwanK. (2018). Naphthoquinones from the Leaves of Rhinacanthus Nasutus Having Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory and Cytotoxic Activities. Fitoterapia124, 206–210. 10.1016/j.fitote.2017.11.011

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 19

  BoueroyP.Saensa-ArdS.SiripongP.KanthawongS.HahnvajanawongC. (2018). Rhinacanthin-C Extracted from Rhinacanthus Nasutus (L.) Inhibits Cholangiocarcinoma Cell Migration and Invasion by Decreasing MMP-2, uPA, FAK and MAPK Pathways. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev.19 (12), 3605–3613. 10.31557/APJCP.2018.19.12.3605

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 20

  BrimsonJ. M.BrimsonS. J.BrimsonC. A.RakkhitawatthanaV.TencomnaoT. (2012). Rhinacanthus Nasutus Extracts Prevent Glutamate and Amyloid-β Neurotoxicity in HT-22 Mouse Hippocampal Cells: Possible Active Compounds Include Lupeol, Stigmasterol and β-sitosterol. Int. J. Mol. Sci.13 (4), 5074–5097. 10.3390/ijms13045074

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 21

  BrimsonJ. M.TencomnaoT. (2011). Rhinacanthus Nasutus Protects Cultured Neuronal Cells against Hypoxia Induced Cell Death. Molecules16 (8), 6322–6338. 10.3390/molecules16086322

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 22

  BroeringM. F.NunesR.De FaveriR.De FaveriA.MelatoJ.CorreaT. P.et al (2019). Effects of Tithonia Diversifolia (Asteraceae) Extract on Innate Inflammatory Responses. J. Ethnopharmacol.242, 112041. 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112041

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 23

  BurgosR. A.AlarcónP.QuirogaJ.ManosalvaC.HanckeJ. (2020). Andrographolide, an Anti-inflammatory Multitarget Drug: All Roads lead to Cellular Metabolism. Molecules26 (1), 5. 10.3390/molecules26010005

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 24

  ChairissyM. D.WulandariL. R.SujutiH. (2019). Pro-apoptotic and Anti-proliferative Effects of Physalis Angulata Leaf Extract on Retinoblastoma Cells. Int. J. Ophthalmol.12 (9), 1402–1407. 10.18240/ijo.2019.09.05

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 25

  ChangC. Z.WuS. C.KwanA. L.LinC. L. (2016). Rhinacanthin-C, a Fat-Soluble Extract from Rhinacanthus Nasutus, Modulates High-Mobility Group Box 1-Related Neuro-Inflammation and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage-Induced Brain Apoptosis in a Rat Model. World Neurosurg.86, 349–360. 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.08.071

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 26

  ChangC.-C.LingX.-H.HsuH.-F.WuJ.-M.WangC.-P.YangJ.-F.et al (2016). Siegesbeckia Orientalis Extract Inhibits TGFβ1-Induced Migration and Invasion of Endometrial Cancer Cells. Molecules21 (8), 1021. 10.3390/molecules21081021

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 27

  ChangY. S. (2004). Investigation of the Current Status of Green Herb Stores in Taiwan. Taipei: Ministry of Health and Welfare, 337–373.

  • Google Scholar

• 28

  ChangY. S. (2005). Investigation of the Current Status of Green Herb Stores in Taiwan. Yearb. Chin. Med. Pharm.. Taipei23 (5), 337–448.

  • Google Scholar

• 29

  ChaoJ.KoC. Y.LinC. Y.TomojiM.HuangC. H.ChiangH. C.et al (2020). Ethnobotanical Survey of Natural Galactagogues Prescribed in Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacies in Taiwan. Front. Pharmacol.11, 625869. 10.3389/fphar.2020.625869

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 30

  ChauhanS.SharmaA.UpadhyayN. K.SinghG.LalU. R.GoyalR. (2018). In-vitro Osteoblast Proliferation and In-Vivo Anti-osteoporotic Activity of Bombax ceiba with Quantification of Lupeol, Gallic Acid and β-sitosterol by HPTLC and HPLC. BMC Complement. Altern. Med.18 (1), 233. 10.1186/s12906-018-2299-1

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 31

  ChenC. C.KaoC. P.ChiuM. M.WangS. H. (2017). The Anti-cancer Effects and Mechanisms of Scutellaria Barbata D. Don on CL1-5 Lung Cancer Cells. Oncotarget8 (65), 109340–109357. 10.18632/oncotarget.22677

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 32

  ChenC. C.LiiC. K.LinY. H.ShieP. H.YangY. C.HuangC. S.et al (2020). Andrographis Paniculata Improves Insulin Resistance in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice and TNFα-Treated 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. Am. J. Chin. Med.48 (5), 1073–1090. 10.1142/S0192415X20500524

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 33

  ChenK. H.LinH. L. (2012). Herb tea Culture in Taiwan. J. Isl. Tour. Res.5 (3), 35–73. 10.29859/JITR.201209.0003

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 34

  ChenL. J.HsuT. C.YehP. J.YowJ. L.ChangC. L.LinC. H.et al (2021). Differential Effects of Wedelia Chinensis on Human Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells. Integr. Cancer Ther.20, 15347354211000119. 10.1177/15347354211000119

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 35

  ChenR.HeJ.TongX.TangL.LiuM. (2016). The Hedyotis Diffusa Willd. (Rubiaceae): a Review on Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Quality Control and Pharmacokinetics. Molecules21 (6), 710. 10.3390/molecules21060710

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 36

  ChiangL. C.ChengH. Y.ChenC. C.LinC. C. (2004). In Vitro anti-leukemic and Antiviral Activities of Traditionally Used Medicinal Plants in Taiwan. Am. J. Chin. Med.32 (5), 695–704. 10.1142/S0192415X04002284

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 37

  Chiavari-FredericoM. O.BarbosaL. N.Carvalho Dos SantosI.Ratti da SilvaG.Fernandes de CastroA.de Campos BortolucciW.et al (2020). Antimicrobial Activity of Asteraceae Species against Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Postmenopausal Women. PLoS One15 (1), e0227023. 10.1371/journal.pone.0227023

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 38

  ChienS. C.YoungP. H.HsuY. J.ChenC. H.TienY. J.ShiuS. Y.et al (2009). Anti-diabetic Properties of Three Common Bidens Pilosa Variants in Taiwan. Phytochemistry70 (10), 1246–1254. 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.07.011

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 39

  ChuJ. M. T.XiongW.LinghuK. G.LiuY.ZhangY.ZhaoG. D.et al (2018). Siegesbeckia Orientalis L. Extract Attenuates Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction, Systemic Inflammation, and Neuroinflammation. Exp. Neurobiol.27 (6), 564–573. 10.5607/en.2018.27.6.564

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 40

  ChuangK. A.LiM. H.LinN. H.ChangC. H.LuI. H.PanI. H.et al (2017). Rhinacanthin C Alleviates Amyloid-Beta Fibrils’ Toxicity on Neurons and Attenuates Neuroinflammation Triggered by Lps, Amyloid-Beta, and Interferon-Gamma in Glial Cells. Oxid. Med. Cel Longev.2017, 5414297. 10.1155/2017/5414297

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 41

  ChungT. W.ChoiH.LeeJ. M.HaS. H.KwakC. H.AbekuraF.et al (20172017). Corrigendum to "Oldenlandia Diffusa Suppresses Metastatic Potential through Inhibiting Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Expression via P38 and ERK1/2 MAPK Pathways and Induces Apoptosis in Human Breast Cancer MCF-7 Cells" [J. Ethnopharmacol. 195 (2017) 309-317]. J. Ethnopharmacol.204, 309189–309317. 10.1016/j.jep.2017.04.016

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 42

  ChusakC.ThilavechT.AdisakwattanaS. (2014). Consumption of Mesona Chinensis Attenuates Postprandial Glucose and Improves Antioxidant Status Induced by a High Carbohydrate Meal in Overweight Subjects. Am. J. Chin. Med.42 (2), 315–336. 10.1142/S0192415X14500219

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 43

  Da SilvaB. J. M.PereiraS. W. G.RodriguesA. P. D.Do NascimentoJ. L. M.SilvaE. O. (2018). In Vitro antileishmanial Effects of Physalis Angulata Root Extract on Leishmania Infantum. J. Integr. Med.16 (6), 404–410. 10.1016/j.joim.2018.08.004

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 44

  DaiW. P.LiG.LiX.HuQ. P.LiuJ. X.ZhangF. X.et al (2014). The Roots of Ilex Asprella Extract Lessens Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Mice Induced by Influenza Virus. J. Ethnopharmacol.155 (3), 1575–1582. 10.1016/j.jep.2014.07.051

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 45

  DamsudT.GraceM. H.AdisakwattanaS.PhuwapraisirisanP. (2014). Orthosiphol A from the Aerial Parts of Orthosiphon Aristatus Is Putatively Responsible for Hypoglycemic Effect via Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibition. Nat. Prod. Commun.9 (5), 639–641. 10.1177/1934578x1400900512

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 46

  DarahI.LimS. H.NithiananthamK. (2013). Effects of Methanol Extract of Wedelia Chinensis Osbeck (Asteraceae) Leaves against Pathogenic Bacteria with Emphasise on Bacillus Cereus. Indian J. Pharm. Sci.75 (5), 533–539.

  • Google Scholar

• 47

  EhigieA. F.WeiP.WeiT.YanX.OlorunsogoO. O.OjeniyiF. D.et al (2021). Momordica Charantia L. Induces Non-apoptotic Cell Death in Human MDA-MB-436 Breast and A549 Lung Cancer Cells by Disrupting Energy Metabolism and Exacerbating Reactive Oxygen Species' Generation. J. Ethnopharmacol.277, 114036. 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114036

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 48

  EjelonuO. C.ElekofehintiO. O.AdanlawoI. G. (2017). Tithonia Diversifolia Saponin-Blood Lipid Interaction and its Influence on Immune System of normal Wistar Rats. Biomed. Pharmacother.87, 589–595. 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.017

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 49

  EngelsN. S.GierlikowskaB.WaltenbergerB.ChangF. R.KissA. K.StuppnerH. (2020). A New Diterpene and Anti-inflammatory Sesquiterpene Lactones from Sigesbeckia Orientalis. Planta Med.86 (15), 1108–1117. 10.1055/a-1232-6869

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 50

  FanM.LeeJ. I.RyuY. B.ChoiY. J.TangY.OhM.et al (2021). Comparative Analysis of Metabolite Profiling of Momordica Charantia Leaf and the Anti-obesity Effect through Regulating Lipid Metabolism. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health18 (11), 5584. 10.3390/ijerph18115584

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 51

  Ferreira FariasA. L.Lobato RodriguesA. B.Lopes MartinsR.de Menezes RabeloÉ.Ferreira FariasC. W.Moreira da Silva de AlmeidaS. S. (2019). Chemical Characterization, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic and Microbiological Activities of the Essential Oil of Leaf of Tithonia Diversifolia (Hemsl) A. Gray (Asteraceae). Pharmaceuticals (Basel)12 (1), 34. 10.3390/ph12010034

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 52

  FouladiS.MasjediM.Ganjalikhani HakemiM.EskandariN. (2019). The Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies over the Glycyrrhizic Acid as Natural Remedy Option for Treatment of Allergic Asthma. Iran J. Allergy Asthma Immunol.18 (1), 1–11. 10.18502/ijaai.v18i1.626

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 53

  FuL.PeiD.YuM.ShangH.SiJ. G.ZhangH. W.et al (2020). New Phenolic Acids from the Whole Herb of Elephantopus Scaber Linn. And Their Anti-inflammatory Activity. Nat. Prod. Res.35, 1–8. 10.1080/14786419.2020.1723086

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 54

  FuY.YangJ. C.CunninghamA. B.TownsA. M.ZhangY.YangH. Y.et al (2018). A Billion Cups: the Diversity, Traditional Uses, Safety Issues and Potential of Chinese Herbal Teas. J. Ethnopharmacol.222, 217–228. 10.1016/j.jep.2018.04.026

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 55

  GaoJ.LuW. F.DaiZ. J.LinS.ZhaoY.LiS.et al (2014). Induction of Apoptosis by Total Flavonoids from Scutellaria Barbata D. Don in Human Hepatocarcinoma MHCC97-H Cells via the Mitochondrial Pathway. Tumour Biol.35 (3), 2549–2559. 10.1007/s13277-013-1336-4

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 56

  GertschJ. (2011). Botanical Drugs, Synergy, and Network Pharmacology: Forth and Back to Intelligent Mixtures. Planta Med.77 (11), 1086–1098. 10.1055/s-0030-1270904

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 57

  GrasA.ParadaM.RigatM.VallèsJ.GarnatjeT. (2018). Folk Medicinal Plant Mixtures: Establishing a Protocol for Further Studies. J. Ethnopharmacol.214, 244–273. 10.1016/j.jep.2017.12.014

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 58

  GüneşS.SavranA.PaksoyM. Y.KoşarM.ÇakılcıoğluU. (2017). Ethnopharmacological Survey of Medicinal Plants in Karaisalı and its Surrounding (Adana-Turkey). J. Herb. Med.8, 68–75. 10.1016/j.hermed.2017.04.002

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 59

  GuptaP.GoyalR.ChauhanY.SharmaP. L. (2013). Possible Modulation of FAS and PTP-1B Signaling in Ameliorative Potential of Bombax ceiba against High Fat Diet Induced Obesity. BMC Complement. Altern. Med.13, 281. 10.1186/1472-6882-13-281

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 60

  HasanM. M.UddinN.HasanM. R.IslamA. F.HossainM. M.RahmanA. B.et al (2014). Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Leaf Extract of Mallotus Repandus (Willd.) Muell. Arg. Biomed. Res. Int.2014, 539807. 10.1155/2014/539807

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 61

  HassanW. R. M.BasirR.AliA. H.EmbiN.SidekH. M. (2019). Anti-malarial and Cytokine-Modulating Effects of Andrographolide in a Murine Model of Malarial Infection. Trop. Biomed.36 (3), 776–791.

  • Google Scholar

• 62

  HiradeveS. M.RangariV. D. (2014). A Review on Pharmacology and Toxicology of Elephantopus Scaber Linn. Nat. Prod. Res.28 (11), 819–830. 10.1080/14786419.2014.883394

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 63

  HongM.FanX.LiangS.XiangW.ChenL.YangY.et al (2021). Total Flavonoids of Bidens Pilosa Ameliorates Bone Destruction in Collagen-Induced Arthritis. Planta Med.87, 550-559. 10.1055/a-1352-5124

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 64

  HoriiH.SuzukiR.SakagamiH.UmemuraN.UedaJ. Y.ShiratakiY. (2012). Induction of Non-apoptotic Cell Death in Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines by Rhinacanthus Nasutus Extract. In Vivo26 (2), 305–309.

  • Google Scholar

• 65

  HoriuchiM.WachiH.SeyamaY. (2010). Effects of Bidens Pilosa L. Var. Radiata Scherff on Experimental Gastric Lesion. J. Nat. Med.64 (4), 430–435. 10.1007/s11418-010-0426-5

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 66

  HossainM. S.UrbiZ.SuleA.Hafizur RahmanK. M. (2014). Andrographis Paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. Ex Nees: a Review of Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology. ScientificWorldJournal2014, 274905. 10.1155/2014/274905

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 67

  HossainS.UrbiZ.KaruniawatiH.MohiuddinR. B.Moh QrimidaA.AllzragA. M. M.et al (2021). Andrographis Paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. Ex Nees: an Updated Review of Phytochemistry, Antimicrobial Pharmacology, and Clinical Safety and Efficacy. Life (Basel)11 (4), 348. 10.3390/life11040348

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 68

  HsiaoC. Y.ChenY. M.HsuY. J.HuangC. C.SungH. C.ChenS. S. (2017). Supplementation with Hualian No. 4 Wild Bitter Gourd (Momordica Charantia Linn. Var. Abbreviata ser.) Extract Increases Anti-fatigue Activities and Enhances Exercise Performance in Mice. J. Vet. Med. Sci.79 (6), 1110–1119. 10.1292/jvms.17-0079

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 69

  HsiehC. W.KoW. C.HoW. J.ChangC. K.ChenG. J.TsaiJ. C. (2016). Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effects of Ajuga Nipponensis Extract by Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med.9 (5), 420–425. 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.03.029

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 70

  HsiehC. Y.LinY. T.HuangS. S.HsuP. C.LuF. L.TsaiC. F.et al (2017). Analysis of the Confusion and Misuse of Chinese Herbs in the Registration of Chinese Medicinal Preparations. Ann. Rept. Food Drug Res.8, 103–116.

  • Google Scholar

• 71

  HsuC. L.HongB. H.YuY. S.YenG. C. (2010). Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Orthosiphon Aristatus and its Bioactive Compounds. J. Agric. Food Chem.58 (4), 2150–2156. 10.1021/jf903557c

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 72

  HuS. Y. (2005). Food Plants of China. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 3–46p.

  • Google Scholar

• 73

  HuX. Y.ShuX. C.GuoY.MaY. (2012). Effect of an Ilex Asprella Root Decoction on the Related Genes of Lipid Metabolism from Chronic Stress and Hyperlipidemic Fatty Liver in Rats. Chin. Med. J. (Engl)125 (19), 3539–3542.

  • Google Scholar

• 74

  HuangL.HuangM.ShenM.WenP.WuT.HongY.et al (2019). Sulfated Modification Enhanced the Antioxidant Activity of Mesona Chinensis Benth Polysaccharide and its Protective Effect on Cellular Oxidative Stress. Int. J. Biol. Macromol.136, 1000–1006. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.199

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 75

  HuangL.ShenM.WuT.YuY.YuQ.ChenY.et al (2020). Mesona Chinensis Benth Polysaccharides Protect against Oxidative Stress and Immunosuppression in Cyclophosphamide-Treated Mice via MAPKs Signal Transduction Pathways. Int. J. Biol. Macromol.152, 766–774. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.318

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 76

  HuangS. S.ChenT. Y.DengJ. S.PaoL. H.ChengY. C.ChaoJ. (2020). An Ethnobotanical Study on Qīng-Căo-Chá Tea in Taiwan. Front. Pharmacol.11, 931. 10.3389/fphar.2020.00931

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 77

  HuangW.LiangY.WangJ.LiG.WangG.LiY.et al (2016). Anti-angiogenic Activity and Mechanism of Kaurane Diterpenoids from Wedelia Chinensis. Phytomedicine23 (3), 283–292. 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.12.021

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 78

  IdeM.YoshidaI.KumagaiM.MishimaT.TakahashiY.FujitaK.et al (2020). Tithonia Diversifolia-derived Orizabin Suppresses Cell Adhesion, Differentiation, and Oxidized LDL Accumulation by Akt Signaling Suppression via PTEN Promotion in THP-1 Cells. J. Food Biochem.44 (7), e13268. 10.1111/jfbc.13268

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 79

  JadhavA. K.KaruppayilS. M. (2021). Andrographis Paniculata (Burm. F) Wall Ex Nees: Antiviral Properties. Phytother. Res.35 (10), 5365–5373. 10.1002/ptr.7145

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 80

  JeenkeawpieamJ.YodkeereeS.AndrianopoulosA.RoytrakulS.PongpomM. (2020). Antifungal Activity and Molecular Mechanisms of Partial Purified Antifungal Proteins from Rhinacanthus Nasutus against Talaromyces marneffei. J. Fungi (Basel)6 (4), 333. 10.3390/jof6040333

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 81

  JiangM.ZhaoS.YangS.LinX.HeX.WeiX.et al (2020). An "essential Herbal Medicine"-Licorice: A Review of Phytochemicals and its Effects in Combination Preparations. J. Ethnopharmacol.249, 112439. 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112439

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 82

  JinB.LiuY.XieJ.LuoB.LongC. (2018). Ethnobotanical Survey of Plant Species for Herbal tea in a Yao Autonomous County (Jianghua, China): Results of a 2-year Study of Traditional Medicinal Markets on the Dragon Boat Festival. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed14 (1), 58. 10.1186/s13002-018-0257-0

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 83

  JinY.ChenW.YangH.YanZ.LaiZ.FengJ.et al (2017). Scutellaria Barbata D. Don Inhibits Migration and Invasion of Colorectal Cancer Cells via Suppression of PI3K/AKT and TGF-β/Smad Signaling Pathways. Exp. Ther. Med.14 (6), 5527–5534. 10.3892/etm.2017.5242

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 84

  JoubertE.GelderblomW. C.LouwA.de BeerD. (2008). South African Herbal Teas: Aspalathus Linearis, Cyclopia Spp. And Athrixia Phylicoides-Aa Review. J. Ethnopharmacol119 (3), 376–412. 10.1016/j.jep.2008.06.014

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 85

  KanX.ZhangW.YouR.NiuY.GuoJ.XueJ. (2017). Scutellaria Barbata D. Don Extract Inhibits the Tumor Growth through Down-Regulating of Treg Cells and Manipulating Th1/Th17 Immune Response in Hepatoma H22-Bearing Mice. BMC Complement. Altern. Med.17 (1), 41. 10.1186/s12906-016-1551-9

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 86

  KernanM. R.SendlA.ChenJ. L.JoladS. D.BlancP.MurphyJ. T.et al (1997). Two New Lignans with Activity against Influenza Virus from the Medicinal Plant Rhinacanthus Nasutus. J. Nat. Prod.60 (6), 635–637. 10.1021/np960613i

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 87

  KimJ. W.KimH. P.SungS. H. (2017). Cytotoxic Pterosins from Pteris Multifida Roots against HCT116 Human colon Cancer Cells. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.27 (14), 3144–3147. 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.05.034

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 88

  KimJ. W.SeoJ. Y.OhW. K.SungS. H. (2016). Anti-neuroinflammatory Ent-Kaurane Diterpenoids from Pteris Multifida Roots. Molecules22 (1), 27. 10.3390/molecules22010027

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 89

  KimK. W.JinU. H.KimD. I.LeeT. K.KimM. S.OhM. J.et al (2008). Antiproliferative Effect of Scutellaria Barbata D. Don. On Cultured Human Uterine Leiomyoma Cells by Down-Regulation of the Expression of Bcl-2 Protein. Phytother. Res.22 (5), 583–590. 10.1002/ptr.1996

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 90

  KomatiA.AnandA.ShaikH.MudiamM. K. R.Suresh BabuK.TiwariA. K. (2020). Bombax ceiba (Linn.) Calyxes Ameliorate Methylglyoxal-Induced Oxidative Stress via Modulation of RAGE Expression: Identification of Active Phytometabolites by GC-MS Analysis. Food Funct.11 (6), 5486–5497. 10.1039/c9fo02714a

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 91

  KulkarniP.LohidasanS.MahadikK. (2021). Bioanalytical Method Development for Momordicinin and its Application to Long-Term Pharmacokinetics in Diabetic Rats. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm.47, 1064–1071. 10.1080/03639045.2021.1908337

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 92

  KupradinunP.SiripongP.ChanpaiR.PiyaviriyagulS.RungsipipatA.WangnaithamS. (2009). Effects of Rhinacanthus Nasutus Kurz on colon Carcinogenesis in Mice. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev.10 (1), 103–106.

  • Google Scholar

• 93

  KwakH. J.ParkS.KimN.YooG.ParkJ. H.OhY.et al (2018). Neuraminidase Inhibitory Activity by Compounds Isolated from Aerial Parts of Rhinacanthus Nasutus. Nat. Prod. Res.32 (17), 2111–2115. 10.1080/14786419.2017.1365067

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 94

  LashinI.FoudaA.GobouriA. A.AzabE.MohammedsalehZ. M.MakharitaR. R. (2021). Antimicrobial and In Vitro Cytotoxic Efficacy of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) Fabricated by Callus Extract of Solanum Incanum L. Biomolecules11 (3), 341. 10.3390/biom11030341

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 95

  LeeD. S.KeoS.ChengS. K.OhH.KimY. C. (2017). Protective Effects of Cambodian Medicinal Plants on Tert-butyl H-ydroperoxide-induced H-epatotoxicity via Nrf2-mediated H-eme O-xygenase-1. Mol. Med. Rep.15 (1), 451–459. 10.3892/mmr.2016.6011

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 96

  LeeH. J.ChoiE. J.ParkS.LeeJ. J. (2020). Laxative and Antioxidant Effects of Ramie (Boehmeria Nivea L.) Leaf Extract in Experimental Constipated Rats. Food Sci. Nutr.8 (7), 3389–3401. 10.1002/fsn3.1619

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 97

  LiD. L.ZhengX. L.DuanL.DengS. W.YeW.WangA. H.et al (2017). Ethnobotanical Survey of Herbal tea Plants from the Traditional Markets in Chaoshan, China. J. Ethnopharmacol.205, 195–206. 10.1016/j.jep.2017.02.040

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 98

  LiH.XieW.QiaoX.CuiH.YangX.XueC. (2020). Structural Characterization of Arabinogalactan Extracted from Ixeris Chinensis (Thunb.) Nakai and its Immunomodulatory Effect on RAW264.7 Macrophages. Int. J. Biol. Macromol.143, 977–983. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.158

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 99

  LiQ.HaoZ.HongY.HeW.ZhaoW. (2018). Reprogramming Tumor Associated Macrophage Phenotype by a Polysaccharide from Ilex Asprella for Sarcoma Immunotherapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci.19 (12), 3816. 10.3390/ijms19123816

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 100

  LimJ. Y.LeeJ. H.LeeB. R.KimM. A.LeeY. M.KimD. K.et al (2020). Extract of Boehmeria Nivea Suppresses Mast Cell-Mediated Allergic Inflammation by Inhibiting Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Nuclear Factor-Κb. Molecules25 (18), 4178. 10.3390/molecules25184178

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 101

  LinF. M.ChenL. R.LinE. H.KeF. C.ChenH. Y.TsaiM. J.et al (2007). Compounds from Wedelia Chinensis Synergistically Suppress Androgen Activity and Growth in Prostate Cancer Cells. Carcinogenesis28 (12), 2521–2529. 10.1093/carcin/bgm137

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 102

  LinJ.FengJ.YangH.YanZ.LiQ.WeiL.et al (2017). Scutellaria Barbata D. Don Inhibits 5-fluorouracil Resistance in Colorectal Cancer by Regulating PI3K/AKT Pathway. Oncol. Rep.38 (4), 2293–2300. 10.3892/or.2017.5892

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 103

  LinJ. M.LinC. C.ChenM. F.UjiieT.TakadaA. (1995). Scavenging Effects of Mallotus Repandus on Active Oxygen Species. J. Ethnopharmacol.46 (3), 175–181. 10.1016/0378-8741(95)01246-a

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 104

  LinK. H.Marthandam AsokanS.KuoW. W.HsiehY. L.LiiC. K.ViswanadhaV.et al (2020). Andrographolide Mitigates Cardiac Apoptosis to Provide Cardio-protection in High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Environ. Toxicol.35 (6), 707–713. 10.1002/tox.22906

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 105

  LinR. S. (2014). Study on the Medicinal Value and Resources of Fujian Local Herbal Tea Plants. Fujian: Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University. Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University.

  • Google Scholar

• 106

  LinW. L.WangS. M.HoY. J.KuoH. C.LeeY. J.TsengT. H. (2014). Ethyl Acetate Extract of Wedelia Chinensis Inhibits Tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide-Induced Damage in PC12 Cells and D-Galactose-Induced Neuronal Cell Loss in Mice. BMC Complement. Altern. Med.14, 491. 10.1186/1472-6882-14-491

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 107

  LiuH. L.KaoT. H.ShiauC. Y.ChenB. H. (2018). Functional Components in Scutellaria Barbata D. Don with Anti-inflammatory Activity on RAW 264.7 Cells. J. Food Drug Anal.26 (1), 31–40. 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.11.022

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 108

  LiuJ.FengW.PengC. (2020). A Song of Ice and Fire: Cold and Hot Properties of Traditional Chinese Medicines. Front. Pharmacol.11, 598744. 10.3389/fphar.2020.598744

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 109

  LiuM.WangW.LiX.ShiD.MeiH.JinX.et al (2013). Wedelia Chinensis Inhibits Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma CNE-1 Cell Growth by Inducing G2/M Arrest in a Chk1-dependent Pathway. Am. J. Chin. Med.41 (5), 1153–1168. 10.1142/S0192415X1350078X

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 110

  LiuS.LinL.ShenM.WangW.XiaoY.XieJ. (2018). Effect of Mesona Chinensis Polysaccharide on the Pasting, thermal and Rheological Properties of Wheat Starch. Int. J. Biol. Macromol.118 (Pt A), 945–951. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.178

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 111

  LiuW.FanT.LiM.ZhangG.GuoW.YangX.et al (2020). Andrographolide Potentiates PD-1 Blockade Immunotherapy by Inhibiting COX2-Mediated PGE2 Release. Int. Immunopharmacol.81, 106206. 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106206

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 112

  LiuY.AhmedS.LongC. (2013). Ethnobotanical Survey of Cooling Herbal Drinks from Southern China. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed.9, 82. 10.1186/1746-4269-9-82

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 113

  LuF. J.DingL. Q.CaoS. J.ZhangD. Q.ZhangB. L.QiuF. (2018). [Chemistry and Biology Research on Bitter-Taste Chinese Materia Medica with Function of Regulating Glycolipid Metabolism]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi43 (19), 3834–3840. 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20180709.006

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 114

  LuJ.MaY.WuJ.HuangH.WangX.ChenZ.et al (2019). A Review for the Neuroprotective Effects of Andrographolide in the central Nervous System. Biomed. Pharmacother.117, 109078. 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109078

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 115

  LuK. H.ChangY. F.YinP. H.ChenT. T.HoY. L.ChangY. S.et al (2010). In Vitro and In Vivo Apoptosis-Inducing Antileukemic Effects of Mucuna Macrocarpa Stem Extract on HL-60 Human Leukemia Cells. Integr. Cancer Ther.9 (3), 298–308. 10.1177/1534735410378661

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 116

  LuM. R.HuangH. L.ChiouW. F.HuangR. L. (2017). Induction of Apoptosis by Tithonia Diversifolia in Human Hepatoma Cells. Pharmacogn. Mag.13 (52), 702–706. 10.4103/0973-1296.218113

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 117

  MaT.ZhangY.ZhangC.LuoJ. G.KongL. Y. (2017). Downregulation of TIGAR Sensitizes the Antitumor Effect of Physapubenolide through Increasing Intracellular ROS Levels to Trigger Apoptosis and Autophagosome Formation in Human Breast Carcinoma Cells. Biochem. Pharmacol.143, 90–106. 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.07.018

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 118

  Mabou TagneA.MarinoF.CosentinoM. (2018). Tithonia Diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray as a Medicinal Plant: a Comprehensive Review of its Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pharmacotoxicology and Clinical Relevance. J. Ethnopharmacol.220, 94–116. 10.1016/j.jep.2018.03.025

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 119

  MalikZ.ParveenR.ParveenB.ZahiruddinS.Aasif KhanM.KhanA.et al (2021). Anticancer Potential of Andrographolide from Andrographis Paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees and its Mechanisms of Action. J. Ethnopharmacol.272, 113936. 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113936

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 120

  ManjamalaiA.Berlin GraceV. M. (2012). Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils from Wedelia Chinensis (Osbeck) In Vitro and In Vivo Lung Cancer Bearing C57BL/6 Mice. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev.13 (7), 3065–3071. 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.7.3065

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 121

  MarconettC. N.MorgensternT. J.San RomanA. K.SundarS. N.SinghalA. K.FirestoneG. L. (2010). BZL101, a Phytochemical Extract from the Scutellaria Barbata Plant, Disrupts Proliferation of Human Breast and Prostate Cancer Cells through Distinct Mechanisms Dependent on the Cancer Cell Phenotype. Cancer Biol. Ther.10 (4), 397–405. 10.4161/cbt.10.4.12424

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 122

  MaregesiS.van MiertS.PannecouqueC.Feiz HaddadM. H.HermansN.WrightC. W.et al (2010). Screening of Tanzanian Medicinal Plants against Plasmodium Falciparum and Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Planta Med.76 (2), 195–201. 10.1055/s-0029-1186024

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 123

  MatsubaraT.BohgakiT.WataraiM.SuzukiH.OhashiK.ShibuyaH. (1999). Antihypertensive Actions of Methylripariochromene A from Orthosiphon Aristatus, an Indonesian Traditional Medicinal Plant. Biol. Pharm. Bull.22 (10), 1083–1088. 10.1248/bpb.22.1083

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 124

  MatsumotoT.HoriuchiM.KamataK.SeyamaY. (2009). Effects of Bidens Pilosa L. Var. Radiata SCHERFF Treated with Enzyme on Histamine-Induced Contraction of guinea Pig Ileum and on Histamine Release from Mast Cells. J. Smooth Muscle Res.45 (2–3), 75–86. 10.1540/jsmr.45.75

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 125

  MeiX. Y.ZhouL. Y.ZhangT. Y.LuB.JiL. L. (2017). Scutellaria Barbata Attenuates Diabetic Retinopathy by Preventing Retinal Inflammation and the Decreased Expression of Tight junction Protein. Int. J. Ophthalmol.10 (6), 870–877. 10.18240/ijo.2017.06.07

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 126

  MeiraC. S.GuimarãesE. T.Dos SantosJ. A.MoreiraD. R.NogueiraR. C.TomassiniT. C.et al (2015). In Vitro and In Vivo Antiparasitic Activity of Physalis Angulata L. Concentrated Ethanolic Extract against Trypanosoma Cruzi. Phytomedicine22 (11), 969–974. 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.07.004

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 127

  MengF.LiQ.QiY.HeC.WangC.ZhangQ. (2018). Characterization and Immunoregulatory Activity of Two Polysaccharides from the Root of Ilex Asprella. Carbohydr. Polym.197, 9–16. 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.05.066

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 128

  Ministry of Health and Welfare (2019). Analysis on Statistical Results of Death Causes in 2019. Available at: https://dep.mohw.gov.tw/DOS/cp-4927-54466-113.html (Accessed June 16, 2020).

  • Google Scholar

• 129

  Ministry of Health and Welfare (2021). The Illustration Database of Common Medicinal Plants in Taiwan. Available at: https://www.cmtcmp.mohw.gov.tw/INDEX_ENG.ASPX (accessed December 31, 2021).

  • Google Scholar

• 130

  MiuraT.NosakaK.IshiiH.IshidaT. (2005). Antidiabetic Effect of Nitobegiku, the Herb Tithonia Diversifolia, in KK-Ay Diabetic Mice. Biol. Pharm. Bull.28 (11), 2152–2154. 10.1248/bpb.28.2152

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 131

  MondalM.HossainM. M.HasanM. R.TarunM. T. I.IslamM. A. F.ChoudhuriM. S. K.et al (2020). Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Capacity of Mallotus Repandus Ethyl Acetate Stem Extract against D-Galactosamine-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats. ACS Omega5 (12), 6523–6531. 10.1021/acsomega.9b04189

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 132

  MussardE.JousselinS.CesaroA.LegrainB.LespessaillesE.EsteveE.et al (2020). Andrographis Paniculata and its Bioactive Diterpenoids against Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Keratinocytes. Antioxidants (Basel)9 (6), 530. 10.3390/antiox9060530

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 133

  NadiaN. A. C.CédricY.RaoulS. N. S.ChristianN. O.AziziM. A.DianeG. D. C.et al (2020). Antimalarial Activity of Ethyl Acetate Extract and Fraction of Bidens Pilosa against Plasmodium Berghei (ANKA). J. Parasitol. Res.2020, 8832724. 10.1155/2020/8832724

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 134

  NapoliE.SiracusaL.RubertoG. (2020). New Tricks for Old Guys: Recent Developments in the Chemistry, Biochemistry, Applications and Exploitation of Selected Species from the Lamiaceae Family. Chem. Biodivers.17 (3), e1900677. 10.1002/cbdv.201900677

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 135

  NayakA. G.KumarN.ShenoyS.RocheM. (2021). Evaluation of the merit of the Methanolic Extract of Andrographis Paniculata to Supplement Anti-snake Venom in Reversing Secondary Hemostatic Abnormalities Induced by Naja naja Venom. 3 Biotech.11 (5), 228. 10.1007/s13205-021-02766-z

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 136

  NgocT. M.PhuongN. T. T.KhoiN. M.ParkS.KwakH. J.NhiemN. X.et al (2019). A New Naphthoquinone Analogue and Antiviral Constituents from the Root of Rhinacanthus Nasutus. Nat. Prod. Res.33 (3), 360–366. 10.1080/14786419.2018.1452004

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 137

  NguepiI. S. T.NgueguimF. T.GounoueR. K.MbatchouA.DimoT. (2021). Curative Effects of the Aqueous Extract of Tithonia Diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. gray (Asteraceae) against Ethanol Induced-Hepatotoxicity in Rats. J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol.32 (6), 1137–1143. 10.1515/jbcpp-2019-0370

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 138

  NguyenT. D.ThuongP. T.HwangI. H.HoangT. K.NguyenM. K.NguyenH. A.et al (2017). Anti-hyperuricemic, Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Effects of Siegesbeckia Orientalis L. Resulting from the Fraction with High Phenolic Content. BMC Complement. Altern. Med.17 (1), 191. 10.1186/s12906-017-1698-z

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 139

  NietoG. (2017). Biological Activities of Three Essential Oils of the Lamiaceae Family. Medicines4 (3), 63. 10.3390/medicines4030063

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 140

  OhashiK.BohgakiT.ShibuyaH. (2000). [Antihypertensive Substance in the Leaves of Kumis Kucing (Orthosiphon Aristatus) in Java Island]. Yakugaku Zasshi120 (5), 474–482. 10.1248/yakushi1947.120.5_474

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 141

  OwoyeleV. B.WuraolaC. O.SoladoyeA. O.OlaleyeS. B. (2004). Studies on the Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Properties of Tithonia Diversifolia Leaf Extract. J. Ethnopharmacol.90 (2–3), 317–321. 10.1016/j.jep.2003.10.010

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 142

  OzmenA.MadlenerS.BauerS.KrastevaS.VonachC.GiessriglB.et al (2010). In Vitro anti-leukemic Activity of the Ethno-Pharmacological Plant Scutellaria Orientalis Ssp. Carica Endemic to Western Turkey. Phytomedicine17 (1), 55–62. 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.06.001

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 143

  PandeyV.TripathiA.RaniA.DubeyP. K. (2020). Deoxyelephantopin, a Novel Naturally Occurring Phytochemical Impairs Growth, Induces G2/M Arrest, ROS-Mediated Apoptosis and Modulates lncRNA Expression against Uterine Leiomyoma. Biomed. Pharmacother.131, 110751. 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110751

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 144

  PegoraroC. M. R.NaiG. A.GarciaL. A.SerraF. M.AlvesJ. A.ChagasP. H. N.et al (2021). Protective Effects of Bidens Pilosa on Hepatoxicity and Nephrotoxicity Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride in Rats. Drug Chem. Toxicol.44 (1), 64–74. 10.1080/01480545.2018.1526182

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 145

  PereraW. H.ShivanagoudraS. R.PérezJ. L.KimD. M.SunY.K JayaprakashaG.et al (2021). Anti-inflammatory, Antidiabetic Properties and In Silico Modeling of Cucurbitane-type Triterpene Glycosides from Fruits of an Indian Cultivar of Momordica Charantia L. Molecules26 (4), 1038. 10.3390/molecules26041038

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 146

  PoswalF. S.RussellG.MackonochieM.MacLennanE.AdukwuE. C.RolfeV. (2019). Herbal Teas and Their Health Benefits: A Scoping Review. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr.74 (3), 266–276. 10.1007/s11130-019-00750-w

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 147

  PuntureeK.WildC. P.KasinrerkW.VinitketkumnuenU. (2005). Immunomodulatory Activities of Centella Asiatica and Rhinacanthus Nasutus Extracts. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev.6 (3), 396–400.

  • Google Scholar

• 148

  PuttarakP.CharoonratanaT.PanichayupakaranantP. (2010). Antimicrobial Activity and Stability of Rhinacanthins-Rich Rhinacanthus Nasutus Extract. Phytomedicine17 (5), 323–327. 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.08.014

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 149

  QiR.LiX.ZhangX.HuangY.FeiQ.HanY.et al (2020). Ethanol Extract of Elephantopus Scaber Linn. Attenuates Inflammatory Response via the Inhibition of NF-Κb Signaling by Dampening P65-DNA Binding Activity in Lipopolysaccharide-Activated Macrophages. J. Ethnopharmacol.250, 112499. 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112499

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 150

  RachidA.RabahD.FaridL.ZohraS. F.HoucineB.NacéraB. (2012). Ethnopharmacological Survey of Medicinal Plants Used in the Traditional Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus in the North Western and South Western Algeria. J. Med. Plants Res.6 (10), 2041–2050. 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.5(5).2006-13

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 151

  RehechoS.Uriarte-PueyoI.CalvoJ.VivasL. A.CalvoM. I. (2011). Ethnopharmacological Survey of Medicinal Plants in Nor-Yauyos, a Part of the Landscape Reserve Nor-Yauyos-Cochas, Peru. J. Ethnopharmacol.133 (1), 75–85. 10.1016/j.jep.2010.09.006

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 152

  RolnikA.OlasB. (2021). The Plants of the Asteraceae Family as Agents in the protection of Human Health. Ijms22 (6), 3009. 10.3390/ijms22063009

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 153

  RouletteC. J.NjauE. A.QuinlanM. B.QuinlanR. J.CallD. R. (2018). Medicinal Foods and Beverages Among Maasai Agro-Pastoralists in Northern Tanzania. J. Ethnopharmacol216, 191–202. 10.1016/j.jep.2018.01.022

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 154

  Sa-NgiamsuntornK.SuksatuA.PewkliangY.ThongsriP.KanjanasiriratP.ManopwisedjaroenS.et al (2021). Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activity of Andrographis Paniculata Extract and its Major Component Andrographolide in Human Lung Epithelial Cells and Cytotoxicity Evaluation in Major Organ Cell Representatives. J. Nat. Prod.84 (4), 1261–1270. 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01324

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 155

  SaleemU.GullZ.SaleemA.ShahM. A.AkhtarM. F.AnwarF.et al (2021). Appraisal of Anti-parkinson Activity of Rhinacanthin-C in Haloperidol-Induced Parkinsonism in Mice: a Mechanistic Approach. J. Food Biochem.45 (4), e13677. 10.1111/jfbc.13677

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 156

  Sánchez-MendozaM. E.Reyes-RamírezA.Cruz AntonioL.Martínez JiménezL.Rodríguez-SilverioJ.ArrietaJ. (2011). Bioassay-guided Isolation of an Anti-ulcer Compound, Tagitinin C, from Tithonia Diversifolia: Role of Nitric Oxide, Prostaglandins and Sulfhydryls. Molecules16 (1), 665–674. 10.3390/molecules16010665

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 157

  Saslis-LagoudakisC. H.WilliamsonE. M.SavolainenV.HawkinsJ. A. (2011). Cross-cultural Comparison of Three Medicinal Floras and Implications for Bioprospecting Strategies. J. Ethnopharmacol135 (2), 476–487. 10.1016/j.jep.2011.03.044

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 158

  SatoY.SuzakiS.NishikawaT.KiharaM.ShibataH.HigutiT. (2000). Phytochemical Flavones Isolated from Scutellaria Barbata and Antibacterial Activity against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J. Ethnopharmacol.72 (3), 483–488. 10.1016/s0378-8741(00)00265-8

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 159

  ShahM. A.MuhammadH.MehmoodY.KhalilR.Ul-HaqZ.PanichayupakaranantP. (2017). Superoxide Scavenging and Antiglycation Activity of Rhinacanthins-Rich Extract Obtained from the Leaves of Rhinacanthus Nasutus. Pharmacogn. Mag.13 (52), 652–658. 10.4103/pm.pm_196_17

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 160

  ShahS. S.ShahS. S.IqbalA.AhmedS.KhanW. M.HussainS.et al (2018). Report: Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activities of Red Silk Cotton Tree (Bombax ceiba L.). Pak. J. Pharm. Sci.31 (3), 947–952.

  • Google Scholar

• 161

  ShihK. N.HuangW. T.ChangC. L.FengC. C. (2014). Effects of Ixeris Chinensis (Thunb.) Nakai Boiling Water Extract on Hepatitis B Viral Activity and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med.11 (1), 187–193. 10.4314/ajtcam.v11i1.30

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 162

  SiripongP.HahnvajanawongC.YahuafaiJ.PiyaviriyakulS.KanokmedhakulK.KongkathipN.et al (2009). Induction of Apoptosis by Rhinacanthone Isolated from Rhinacanthus Nasutus Roots in Human Cervical Carcinoma Cells. Biol. Pharm. Bull.32 (7), 1251–1260. 10.1248/bpb.32.1251

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 163

  SiripongP.YahuafaiJ.PiyaviriyakulS.KanokmedhakulK.KoideH.IshiiT.et al (2012). Inhibitory Effect of Liposomal Rhinacanthin-N Isolated from Rhinacanthus Nasutus on Pulmonary Metastasis in Mice. Biol. Pharm. Bull.35 (7), 1197–1200. 10.1248/bpb.b12-00244

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 164

  SiripongP.YahuafaiJ.ShimizuK.IchikawaK.YonezawaS.AsaiT.et al (2006). Antitumor Activity of Liposomal Naphthoquinone Esters Isolated from Thai Medicinal Plant: Rhinacanthus Nasutus KURZ. Biol. Pharm. Bull.29 (11), 2279–2283. 10.1248/bpb.29.2279

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 165

  SõukandR.KalleR. (2013). Where Does the Border Lie: Locally Grown Plants Used for Making tea for Recreation And/or Healing, 1970s-1990s Estonia. J. Ethnopharmacol150 (1), 162–174. 10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.031

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 166

  SõukandR.QuaveC. L.PieroniA.Pardo-de-SantayanaM.TardíoJ.KalleR.et al (2013). Plants Used for Making Recreational tea in Europe: a Review Based on Specific Research Sites. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed9 (1), 58. 10.1186/1746-4269-9-58

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 167

  SuS. Y.YangC. H.ChiuC. C.WangQ. (2013). Acoustic Features for Identifying Constitutions in Traditional Chinese Medicine. J. Altern. Complement. Med.19 (6), 569–576. 10.1089/acm.2012.0478

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 168

  SulistyaniN.Nurkhasanah- (2020). Screening of Anticancer, Hepatoprotective and Nephroprotective Effects of Ethanol Extract of Elephantopus Scaber L. Pak J. Pharm. Sci.33 (3), 901–907.

  • Google Scholar

• 169

  SunC. P.OppongM. B.ZhaoF.ChenL. X.QiuF. (2017a). Unprecedented 22,26-seco Physalins from Physalis Angulata and Their Anti-inflammatory Potential. Org. Biomol. Chem.15 (41), 8700–8704. 10.1039/c7ob02205k

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 170

  SunC. P.QiuC. Y.ZhaoF.KangN.ChenL. X.QiuF. (2017b). Physalins V-IX, 16,24-Cyclo-13,14-Seco Withanolides from Physalis Angulata and Their Antiproliferative and Anti-inflammatory Activities. Sci. Rep.7 (1), 4057. 10.1038/s41598-017-03849-9

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 171

  SunH. X.WangH. (2006). Immunosuppressive Activity of the Ethanol Extract of Siegesbeckia Orientalis on the Immune Responses to Ovalbumin in Mice. Chem. Biodivers.3 (7), 754–761. 10.1002/cbdv.200690077

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 172

  SunP.SunD.WangX. (2017). Effects of Scutellaria Barbata Polysaccharide on the Proliferation, Apoptosis and EMT of Human colon Cancer HT29 Cells. Carbohydr. Polym.167, 90–96. 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.03.022

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 173

  TanF.ChenY.TanX.MaY.PengY. (2017). Chinese Materia Medica Used in Medicinal Diets. J. Ethnopharmacol.206, 40–54. 10.1016/j.jep.2017.05.021

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 174

  TewtrakulS.TansakulP.PanichayupakaranantP. (2009). Anti-allergic Principles of Rhinacanthus Nasutus Leaves. Phytomedicine16 (10), 929–934. 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.03.010

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 175

  ThaoN. P.BinhP. T.LuyenN. T.HungT. M.DangN. H.DatN. T. (2018). α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of Chemical Constituents from Wedelia Chinensis (Osbeck.) Merr. Leaves. J. Anal. Methods Chem.2018, 2794904. 10.1155/2018/2794904

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 176

  The Committee on Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, D.o.H., Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2003). The Catalogue of Medicinal Plant Resources in Taiwan, Taipei. 660.

  • Google Scholar

• 177

  The Committee on Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, D.o.H., Executive Yuan, Taiwan. (2011). The Illustration of Common Medicinal Plants in Taiwan, Taipei.467.

  • Google Scholar

• 178

  The Royal Botanic Gardens (2013). The Plant List. Available at: http://www.theplantlist.org/ (Accessed May 1, 2019).

  • Google Scholar

• 179

  The Royal Botanic Gardens (2021). Plants of the World Online. Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org/ (Accessed May 2021).

  • Google Scholar

• 180

  ToppoE.Al-DhabiN. A.SankarC.KumarS. N.BuvanesvaragurunathanK.DarvinS. S.et al (2021). Hepatoprotective Effect of Selected Isoandrographolide Derivatives on Steatotic HepG2 Cells and High Fat Diet Fed Rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol.899, 174056. 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174056

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 181

  TsaiC. H.LinF. M.YangY. C.LeeM. T.ChaT. L.WuG. J.et al (2009). Herbal Extract of Wedelia Chinensis Attenuates Androgen Receptor Activity and Orthotopic Growth of Prostate Cancer in Nude Mice. Clin. Cancer Res.15 (17), 5435–5444. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0298

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 182

  TsaiC. H.TzengS. F.HsiehS. C.LinC. Y.TsaiC. J.ChenY. R.et al (2015). Development of a Standardized and Effect-Optimized Herbal Extract of Wedelia Chinensis for Prostate Cancer. Phytomedicine22 (3), 406–414. 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.01.013

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 183

  TsaiC. H.TzengS. F.HsiehS. C.TsaiC. J.YangY. C.TsaiM. H.et al (2017a). A Standardized Wedelia Chinensis Extract Overcomes the Feedback Activation of HER2/3 Signaling upon Androgen-Ablation in Prostate Cancer. Front. Pharmacol.8, 721. 10.3389/fphar.2017.00721

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 184

  TsaiC. H.TzengS. F.HsiehS. C.YangY. C.HsiaoY. W.TsaiM. H.et al (2017b). A Standardized Herbal Extract Mitigates Tumor Inflammation and Augments Chemotherapy Effect of Docetaxel in Prostate Cancer. Sci. Rep.7 (1), 15624. 10.1038/s41598-017-15934-0

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 185

  TsaiF. J.YangP. Y.ChenC. J.LiJ. P.LiT. M.ChiouJ. S.et al (2020). Decreased Overall Mortality Rate with Chinese Herbal Medicine Usage in Patients with Decompensated Liver Cirrhosis in Taiwan. BMC Complement. Med. Ther.20 (1), 221. 10.1186/s12906-020-03010-6

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 186

  TsaiT. H.HuangC. J.WuW. H.HuangW. C.ChyuanJ. H.TsaiP. J. (2014). Antioxidant, Cell-Protective, and Anti-melanogenic Activities of Leaf Extracts from Wild Bitter Melon (Momordica Charantia Linn. Var. Abbreviata Ser.) Cultivars. Bot. Stud.55 (1), 78. 10.1186/s40529-014-0078-y

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 187

  TsaiT. H.HuangW. C.YingH. T.KuoY. H.ShenC. C.LinY. K.et al (2016). Wild Bitter Melon Leaf Extract Inhibits Porphyromonas Gingivalis-induced Inflammation: Identification of Active Compounds through Bioassay-Guided Isolation. Molecules21 (4), 454. 10.3390/molecules21040454

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 188

  TugumeP.NyakoojoC. (2019). Ethno-pharmacological Survey of Herbal Remedies Used in the Treatment of Paediatric Diseases in Buhunga parish, Rukungiri District, Uganda. BMC Complement. Altern. Med.19 (1), 353. 10.1186/s12906-019-2763-6

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 189

  TundisR.RashedK.SaidA.MenichiniF.LoizzoM. R. (2014). In Vitro cancer Cell Growth Inhibition and Antioxidant Activity of Bombax ceiba (Bombacaceae) Flower Extracts. Nat. Prod. Commun.9 (5), 691–694. 10.1177/1934578x1400900527

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 190

  UbillasR. P.MendezC. D.JoladS. D.LuoJ.KingS. R.CarlsonT. J.et al (2000). Antihyperglycemic Acetylenic Glucosides from Bidens Pilosa. Planta Med.66 (1), 82–83. 10.1055/s-0029-1243117

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 191

  VieceliP. S.JuizP. J. L.LauriaP. S. S.CoutoR. D.TomassiniT. C. B.RibeiroI. M.et al (2021). Physalis Angulata Reduces the Progression of Chronic Experimental Periodontitis by Immunomodulatory Mechanisms. J. Ethnopharmacol.273, 113986. 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113986

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 192

  Visweswara RaoP.MadhaviK.Dhananjaya NaiduM.GanS. H. (2013a). Rhinacanthus Nasutus Ameliorates Cytosolic and Mitochondrial Enzyme Levels in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med.2013, 486047. 10.1155/2013/486047

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 193

  Visweswara RaoP.MadhaviK.Dhananjaya NaiduM.GanS. H. (2013b). Rhinacanthus Nasutus Improves the Levels of Liver Carbohydrate, Protein, Glycogen, and Liver Markers in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med.2013, 102901. 10.1155/2013/102901

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 194

  WaitS.ChenD. S. (2012). Towards the Eradication of Hepatitis B in Taiwan. Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci.28 (1), 1–9. 10.1016/j.kjms.2011.10.027

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 195

  WangG. K.LinB. B.RaoR.ZhuK.QinX. Y.XieG. Y.et al (2013). A New Lignan with Anti-HBV Activity from the Roots of Bombax ceiba. Nat. Prod. Res.27 (15), 1348–1352. 10.1080/14786419.2012.740032

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 196

  WangH.QiuC.ChenL.AbbasiA. M.GuoX.LiuR. H. (2019). Comparative Study of Phenolic Profiles, Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities in Different Vegetative Parts of Ramie (Boehmeria Nivea L.). Molecules24 (8), 1551. 10.3390/molecules24081551

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 197

  WangH.TengX.ZhangY.GuQ.HeL. (2021). Diterpenoids from the Whole Plants of Ajuga Nipponensis and Their Inhibition of RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis. Chem. Biodivers.18 (1), e2000780. 10.1002/cbdv.202000780

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 198

  WangL.LuS.WangL.XinM.XuY.WangG.et al (2021). Anti-inflammatory Effects of Three Withanolides Isolated from Physalis Angulata L. In LPS-Activated RAW 264.7 Cells through Blocking NF-Κb Signaling Pathway. J. Ethnopharmacol.276, 114186. 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114186

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 199

  WangQ.LiangY. Y.LiK. W.LiY.NiuF. J.ZhouS. J.et al (2021). Herba Siegesbeckiae: A Review on its Traditional Uses, Chemical Constituents, Pharmacological Activities and Clinical Studies. J. Ethnopharmacol.275, 114117. 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114117

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 200

  WangT. C.LinC. C.LeeH. I.YangC.YangC. C. (2010). Anti-hyperlipidemic Activity of Spider Brake (Pteris Multifida) with Rats Fed a High Cholesterol Diet. Pharm. Biol.48 (2), 221–226. 10.3109/13880200903085458

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 201

  WangT. C.TiM. C.LoS. C.YangC. C. (2007). Free Radical-Scavenging Activity of Aqueous Extract of Pteris Multifida Poiret. Fitoterapia78 (3), 248–249. 10.1016/j.fitote.2006.11.004

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 202

  WediasariF.NugrohoG. A.FadhilahZ.ElyaB.SetiawanH.MozefT. (2020). Hypoglycemic Effect of a Combined Andrographis Paniculata and Caesalpinia Sappan Extract in Streptozocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Adv. Pharmacol. Pharm. Sci.2020, 8856129. 10.1155/2020/8856129

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 203

  WuD.ZhangX.LiuL.GuoY. (2019). Key CMM Combinations in Prescriptions for Treating Mastitis and Working Mechanism Analysis Based on Network Pharmacology. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med.2019, 8245071. 10.1155/2019/8245071

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 204

  WuJ. N. (2005). An Illustrated Chinese Materia Medica. China: Oxiford University Press, 11p.

  • Google Scholar

• 205

  WuS. H.HsiehC. F.RejmanekM. (2004). Catalogue of the Naturalized Flora of Taiwan. Taiwania49 (1), 16–31. 10.6165/tai.2004.49(1).16

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 206

  WuT.WangQ.JiangC.Morris-NatschkeS. L.CuiH.WangY.et al (2015). Neo-clerodane Diterpenoids from Scutellaria Barbata with Activity against Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Replication. J. Nat. Prod.78 (3), 500–509. 10.1021/np500988m

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 207

  WuX. G.WangS. S.MiaoH.ChengJ. J.ZhangS. F.ShangY. Z. (2016). Scutellaria Barbata Flavonoids Alleviate Memory Deficits and Neuronal Injuries Induced by Composited Aβ in Rats. Behav. Brain Funct.12 (1), 33. 10.1186/s12993-016-0118-8

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 208

  WuY.ChenD. F. (2009). Anti-complementary Effect of Polysaccharide B3-PS1 in Herba Scutellariae Barbatae (Scutellaria Barbata). Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol.31 (4), 696–701. 10.3109/08923970903095314

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 209

  WuY.ZhangZ.ChenT.ChengC.ZhangZ.ZhouH.et al (2020). Comparison of Two Polygonum Chinense Varieties Used in Chinese Cool tea in Terms of Chemical Profiles and Antioxidant/anti-Inflammatory Activities. Food Chem.310, 125840. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125840

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 210

  WuY. H.ChiuW. T.YoungM. J.ChangT. H.HuangY. F.ChouC. Y. (2015). Solanum Incanum Extract Downregulates Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1-mediated Stemness and Inhibits Tumor Formation in Ovarian Cancer Cells. J. Cancer6 (10), 1011–1019. 10.7150/jca.12738

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 211

  WuZ.YangL.HeL.WangL.PengL. (2020). Systematic Elucidation of the Potential Mechanisms of Core Chinese Materia Medicas in Treating Liver Cancer Based on Network Pharmacology. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med.2020, 4763675. 10.1155/2020/4763675

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 212

  XinY.-J.ChoiS.RohK.-B.ChoE.JiH.WeonJ. B.et al (2021). Anti-inflammatory Activity and Mechanism of Isookanin, Isolated by Bioassay-Guided Fractionation from Bidens Pilosa L. Molecules26 (2), 255. 10.3390/molecules26020255

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 213

  XuJ.ChenD.LiuC.WuX. Z.DongC. X.ZhouJ. (2016). Structural Characterization and Anti-tumor Effects of an Inulin-type Fructan from Atractylodes Chinensis. Int. J. Biol. Macromol.82, 765–771. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.10.082

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 214

  YangJ. Y.KimM. G.LeeH. S. (2013). Acaricidal Toxicities of 1-hydroxynaphthalene from Scutellaria Barbata and its Derivatives against House Dust and Storage Mites. Planta Med.79 (11), 946–951. 10.1055/s-0032-1328631

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 215

  YangW. C.YangC. Y.LiangY. C.YangC. W.LiW. Q.ChungC. Y.et al (2019). Anti-coccidial Properties and Mechanisms of an Edible Herb, Bidens Pilosa, and its Active Compounds for Coccidiosis. Sci. Rep.9 (1), 2896. 10.1038/s41598-019-39194-2

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 216

  YangX.GaoX.DuB.ZhaoF.FengX.ZhangH.et al (2018). Ilex Asprella Aqueous Extracts Exert In Vivo Anti-inflammatory Effects by Regulating the NF-Κb, JAK2/STAT3, and MAPK Signaling Pathways. J. Ethnopharmacol.225, 234–243. 10.1016/j.jep.2018.06.037

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 217

  YeC. L.HuangQ. (2012). Extraction of Polysaccharides from Herbal Scutellaria Barbata D. Don (Ban-Zhi-Lian) and Their Antioxidant Activity. Carbohydr. Polym.89 (4), 1131–1137. 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.03.084

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 218

  YinM. C.ChangC. H.SuC. H.YuB.HsuY. M. (2018). Pteris Multifida, Cortex Phellodendri, and Probiotics Attenuated Inflammatory Status and Immunity in Mice with a Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Infection. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.82 (5), 836–847. 10.1080/09168451.2018.1447356

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 219

  YuJ.LeiJ.YuH.CaiX.ZouG. (2004). Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Scutellaria Barbata. Phytochemistry65 (7), 881–884. 10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.02.005

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 220

  YuM. L.ChenP. J.DaiC. Y.HuT. H.HuangC. F.HuangY. H.et al (2020). 2020 Taiwan Consensus Statement on the Management of Hepatitis C: Part (I) General Population. J. Formos. Med. Assoc.119 (6), 1019–1040. 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.04.003

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 221

  YuS.SheuH. M.LeeC. H. (2017). Solanum Incanum Extract (SR-T100) Induces Melanoma Cell Apoptosis and Inhibits Established Lung Metastasis. Oncotarget8 (61), 103509–103517. 10.18632/oncotarget.21508

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 222

  YurisA.GohK. K. T.HardacreA. K.Matia-MerinoL. (2019). The Effect of Gel Structure on the In Vitro Digestibility of Wheat Starch-Mesona Chinensis Polysaccharide Gels. Food Funct.10 (1), 250–258. 10.1039/c8fo01501e

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 223

  ZhangL.RenB.ZhangJ.LiuL.LiuJ.JiangG.et al (2017). Anti-tumor Effect of Scutellaria Barbata D. Don Extracts on Ovarian Cancer and its Phytochemicals Characterisation. J. Ethnopharmacol.206, 184–192. 10.1016/j.jep.2017.05.032

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 224

  ZhangR.MaC.WeiY.WangX.JiaJ.LiJ.et al (2021). Isolation, Purification, Structural Characteristics, Pharmacological Activities, and Combined Action of Hedyotis Diffusa Polysaccharides: A Review. Int. J. Biol. Macromol.183, 119–131. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.139

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 225

  ZhangW.ChenS. T.HeQ. Y.HuangL. Q.LiX.LaiX. P.et al (2018). Asprellcosides B of Ilex Asprella Inhibits Influenza A Virus Infection by Blocking the Hemagglutinin- Mediated Membrane Fusion. Front. Microbiol.9, 3325. 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03325

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 226

  ZhangY.LiY. (2016). Effect of Total Flavonoids of Scutellaria Barbata on Cognitive Function and Nogo-A Expression in the hippocampus in Cerebral Ischemia Model in Gerbils. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci.29 (6 Suppl. l), 2373–2376.

  • Google Scholar

• 227

  ZhaoL. L.MakindeE. A.ShahM. A.OlatunjiO. J.PanichayupakaranantP. (2019). Rhinacanthins-rich Extract and Rhinacanthin C Ameliorate Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide-Induced Diabetic Nephropathy. J. Food Biochem.43 (4), e12812. 10.1111/jfbc.12812

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 228

  ZhaoZ.GuoP.BrandE. (2012). The Formation of Daodi Medicinal Materials. J. Ethnopharmacol140 (3), 476–481. 10.1016/j.jep.2012.01.048

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 229

  ZhouX.SetoS. W.ChangD.KiatH.Razmovski-NaumovskiV.ChanK.et al (2016). Synergistic Effects of Chinese Herbal Medicine: A Comprehensive Review of Methodology and Current Research. Front. Pharmacol.7, 201. 10.3389/fphar.2016.00201

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar

• 230

  ZhuH.LiangQ. H.XiongX. G.WangY.ZhangZ. H.SunM. J.et al (2018). Anti-Inflammatory Effects of P-Coumaric Acid, a Natural Compound of Oldenlandia Diffusa, on Arthritis Model Rats. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med.2018, 5198594. 10.1155/2018/5198594

  • CrossRef
  • Google Scholar