Abstract
Background: For decades, intraperitoneal chemotherapy (IPC) has been delivered into the abdominal cavity as a liquid solution. Recently the concept of foam as a carrier-solution for IPC was suggested. This in-vivo swine study aims to evaluate the safety, intraoperative parameters, limitations and postoperative complications of foam-based intraperitoneal chemotherapy (FBIC).
Methods: Three 65-day-old swine received FBIC with doxorubicin in a laparoscopy setting. Intraoperative parameters were monitored throughout the procedure and an extensive postoperative laboratory monitoring was conducted for 7 days. At day seven an autopsy was performed for further evaluation.
Results: The insufflation of FBIC caused a temporary rise in blood pressure and a simultaneous drop in heart rate. Capnography detected a continuous increase in end-tital CO2 levels. A temporary drop of intraabdominal temperature was noted. Postoperative blood and serum laboratory results did not indicate any organ failure. No indication of intraperitoneal infections was noted and no structural tissue changes were visible in the autopsy.
Discussion: The application of FBIC appears to be a feasible approach regarding intraoperative anesthesiology and postoperative surgical management. A lack of postoperative structural changes on the seventh day were a promising sign of safety and biocompatibility. Surgical reintervention would have been possible. To discuss a possible clinical application, further studies are required to investigate long-term safety, pharmacodynamics and the antitumoral potential of FBIC.
1 Introduction
Decades of clinical and experimental research on the management of Peritoneal Metastasis (PM) have not significantly changed the overall poor prognosis rate. Due to the rapid progression of PM median survival rates are only about 3–4 months (Sadeghi et al., 2000; Goéré et al., 2017; Gelli et al., 2018). Patients suffering from PM endure a lot of morbidities. Significant contributions have been made in an attempt to improve the outcome of peritoneal surface malignancies. The current research focuses on a wide variety of topics such as molecular biology (Cheng et al., 2019; Shao et al., 2023), pharmacological enhancements (Schubert et al., 2019; Khosrawipour T. et al., 2020; Mikolajczyk et al., 2022) and clinically established concepts like HIPEC and cytoreductive surgery (Souadka et al., 2022; Patel et al., 2023). One of the main areas of PM research is the improvement and the better understanding of locoregional and intraperitoneal chemotherapy (IPC).
In the previous decades IPC has been delivered into the abdominal cavity as a liquid solution. However, a range of limitations were witnessed when “classic” liquid chemo solutions were used. Therefore, Pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC) had been proposed as a new and improved concept (Khosrawipour et al., 2018; Khosrawipour V. et al., 2020). Since then, the delivery of aerosolized chemotherapy has been used for a selected groups of patients who would otherwise not qualify for Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) and Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) (Khosrawipour et al., 2017). The advantage of PIPAC delivery is due to the physics behind its aerosolized application method (Göhler et al., 2017; Mikolajczyk et al., 2018a; Khosrawipour et al., 2019). Furthermore, a large amount of research has been conducted to try to further improve this technology (Lau et al., 2020; Diakun et al., 2022a; Diakun et al., 2022b; Diakun et al., 2022c; Hwang et al., 2022).
Foam has some unique characteristics. Some possible advantages of foam are slow degradation which allows for an extended drug contact time in the peritoneum. The expansion of foam is multidirectional and more homogenous. This means that the contact of a concentrated drug with peritoneal tissue can be expanded without diluting drug volume. Foam-based intraperitoneal chemotherapy (FBIC) could be a feasible option for the treatment of PM. Therefore, it has been proposed as a drug carrier for intraperitoneal chemo applications (Schubert et al., 2020). Our in-vivo study aims to evaluate FBIC as a new vehicle for IPC delivery. The focus of this study is about the consequences on the cardiovascular system, pulmonary system and the postoperative laboratory parameters. The effects of FBIC will be evaluated by postoperative data which will also be helpful for further clinical application.
2 Methods
2.1 The laparoscopic in-vivo swine model
The study includes three 65-day-old swine. A laparoscopy was planned, all swine were prepared for anesthesia and ventilation. The swine received an intramuscular injection of midazolam (0.3 mg/kg, WZF Polfa S.A., Warsaw, Poland), medetomidine (0.02 mg/kg, Cepetor 1 mg/mL, CP-Pharma Handelsgesellschaft, Burgdorf, Germany) and ketamine (9 mg/kg, Ketamine 100 mg/mL, Biowet Puławy sp. z o.o., Warsaw, Poland). Additionally, all swine received analgesia with propofol at 1 mg/kg. The swine were intubated, and anesthesia was continued with isoflurane 1%. Additional analgesia was provided with fentanyl 2 µg/kg. A continuous intravenous fluid line was established, and crystalloid fluid was given at 0,2–0,3 µg/kg/min. Before surgery all swine were placed in a supine position. An infra-umbilical mini laparotomy was performed. A 10 mm trocar (Kii®Balloon Blunt Tip System, Applied Medical, Rancho Santa Margarita, CA, USA) was inserted through the mini laparotomy. Under visual guidance A 5 mm trocar was placed at a distance to the first trocar. The abdominal cavity was insufflated with CO2 to maintain a capnoperitoneum (Olympus UHI-3 insufflator, Olympus medical life science and industrial divisions, Olympus, Shinjuku, Tokio Japan). A full diagnostic laparoscopy was performed using a 5 mm camera system (Karl Storz 5mm/30° Laparoscope/Tuttlingen, Germany) (Figures 1A–C). After visual confirmation of no pathologies the “foam-insufflation” tube was introduced into the 10 mm trocar. After the tube was inserted and its positioning was confirmed via visual imaging. Afterwards the laparoscope was removed. Then a temperature probe was inserted through the trocar into the abdomen. The CO2 from the capnoperitoneum was evacuated. For the measurement of the central body temperature, a temperature probe was placed in the esophagus. Another probe was placed outside the abdomen fixed with adhesive tape. An invasive arterial pressure line was placed and ECG electrodes monitored the heart rate.
FIGURE 1
2.2 Postoperative monitoring
One operative procedure was performed per day. All swine were kept together and were monitored for the next 7 days for behavior changes, feeding habits, indication of pain and surgical site infection. At postoperative days 1, 3 and 7 (1 d, 3 d, 7 d) blood was taken for a blood count and serological measurements. On the last postoperative day (7 d) an autopsy was performed (Figure 1D).
2.3 Euthanization
The swine were premedicated with an intramuscular injection of midazolam (0.1 mg/kg, Midanium 5 mg/mL), medetomidine (0.02 mg/kg, Cepetor 1 mg/mL) and ketamine (8 mg/kg, Ketamine 100 mg/mL) mixture. After that, they were euthanized according to recommendations (Garber et al., 2011) with an intravenous injection by Sodium Pentobarbital with Pentobarbital (50 mg/kg with 12 mg/kg, Morbital 133,3 mg/mL + 26,7 mg/mL).
2.4 The bicarbonate-based foam carrier
The ratio of foam ingredients for the bicarbonate-foam were mathematically and experimentally predetermined. The basic chemical reactions were analyzed and quantified in order to determine the most suitable molar combination. The major components of foam are citric acid (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) and sodium bicarbonate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA). Doxorubicin hydrochloride (PFS®, 2 mg/mL, Pfizer, Sandwich, United Kingdom) was added as a chemotherapeutic component (1,5 mg/meter2 body surface). Furthermore, iodide-based contrast media was used for CT (AccupaqueTM 350 mg J/ml, GE Healthcare, Chicago USA).
2.5 Statistical analyses
Experiments were independently performed. The statistical analyses were done with GraphPad Prism [GraphPad Software Inc., version 8.0.2 (263)]. Descriptive statistics included mean, median and percentiles. Probability (p) values were calculated via one factorial ANOVA (parametric) test results include: *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.005, and #p > 0.05, with p-value <0.05 considered to be statistically significant.
2.6 Ethical approval and regulations
An Approval of the Local Board on Animal Care was obtained for the in-vivo swine experiments (UCHWALA NR 029/2021/P1) according to Polish regulations and European Union law. The data in the study displays a multi-stage study on in-vivo FBIC.
3 Results
The in-vivo experiments on the three swine were successfully conducted. No intraoperative or postoperative complications were detected. No major anesthesiologic complications were observed. There was no indication of anaphylaxis or cardiovascular collapse and no problems concerning intubation or extubation of the swine occurred. No (general) hypothermia or respiratory depression was noted. 30 min into the procedure all swine were successfully extubated. 20 min after insufflation a camera was inserted into the peritoneum in order to visualize the abdominal cavity. The intraabdominal foam did not interfere with the diagnostic overview. After a total of 30 min the trocars were removed and the mini laparotomy was sutured. No surgical problems or complications were observed during and after surgery. All animals survived the following postsurgical recovery. After the procedure all swine drank and ate adequately. No pain or behavioral changes were observed during the days of recovery.
3.1 Development of central body temperature, abdominal cavity and skin temperature
Within the cavity a rapid reduction of temperature can be observed during the insufflation of the bicarbonate foam. Within the first 5 min the medium temperature drops down to 20,6°Celsius and then steadily increases again (Figure 2A). After 15 min, it is above 35°Celsius. During the procedure the skin temperature on the abdomen decreases. It reaches its lowest point 15 min into the procedure when it drops to 32,5°Celcius (mean). After that it increases slowly and reaches around 35,4°Celsius (mean). During the whole procedure the central body temperature remains stable and does not change significantly.
FIGURE 2
The capnography shows an increase in mean end-tital CO2 (Figure 2B). The initial level of 74 mmHg CO2 increases to around 94–95 mmHg. This increase happens within the first 15 min and plateaus afterwards.
3.2 Results on heart rate and blood pressure
In the first 5 min of the procedure the mean heart rate decreases from a baseline of 123 ± 6 beats per minutes down to 95 ± 6. 20 min into the procedure the heart rate then increases again and reaches its initial level (Figure 3). After this the heart rate remains stable.
FIGURE 3
The blood pressure increases from the beginning of the foam insufflation and reaches its peak at about 10 min into the procedure where it is 134 ± 12 mmHg. After this the pressure declines continuously. This can be observed for the systolic, diastolic and the mean blood pressure.
3.3 Development of intraoperative and postoperative blood count
The red blood count could be gathered form the intraoperative measurements at 0 min and at 30 min into the procedure. Furthermore, data was gathered on the first, third and seventh postoperative day. The red blood count did not change and remained within the reference levels of above 5 million per microliter. The white blood count remains at the upper reference level of around 22.000 per microliter. Although no significant changes could be observed there was a peak within the values on the third(3 d) postoperative day (Figures 4A–C). The postoperative platelet count varied a lot on the first (1 d) (5,5 ± 1,6) ×106/µl, 3 d (4,7 ±0,8) ×106/µl and seventh day (7d) (5,8 ± 1,3) ×106/µl. The platelet count did not exceed the upper reference which is around 3-7 ×106/µl.
FIGURE 4
3.4 Development of postoperative serum parameters
The kidney related parameters remained mostly stable. The creatinine level did not change significantly (p < 0.05) from the first day 0,7 ± 0,1 mg/dL to 7d 0,77 ± 0,15 mg/dL although a slight mean increase was noted. The maximum level for creatinine at 2,1 mg/dL was not reached (Figures 5A–C). The blood urea levels peaked on the third day with 13,7 ± 5,1 mg/dL but decreased again on the seventh day with 7 ± 1 mg/dL. The maximum physiological level for blood urea 30 mg/dl was not reached. While the white blood count was slightly above the upper reference range, the levels of C-reactive protein remained below the upper reference limit of ≤ 0,4 mg/dL. Therefore, no indications of an extensive tissue infection were present.
FIGURE 5
3.5 Development of postoperative liver parameters
The blood levels of two liver enzymes were measured. One was Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and the other one was Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) (Figures 5D, E). The mean ALT level was at 81,7 ± 13,3 U/L for the first day, 85,7 ± 23,6 U/L for the third day and 87,7 ± 28,1 U/L for the seventh day. During these 3 days the ALT level was stable but still higher than the refence range of 9–43 U/L. No levels of ALT were available from before the procedure, so no comparison was possible.
The ALP level was at 284,7 ± 89,2 U/L for the first day, 302 ± 43,2 U/L for the third day and 260,7 ± 51,7 U/L for the seventh day. During all 3 days the levels of ALP were close to the upper reference level of 294 U/L. There is no indication of an increase or decrease of ALP levels during the observed interval. For the ALP no preoperative levels were available, so a comparison was not possible.
4 Discussion
The intraperitoneal administration of chemotherapeutic solution is an established treatment of PM. The local instillation of chemotherapeutic solution increases cell toxicity when it is in direct contact with the cancer nodules of the peritoneal cavity. Even though extensive attempts have been made to improve IPC delivery (Mikolajczyk et al., 2020; Buggisch et al., 2022; Khosrawipour et al., 2023a) limitations still exist in both liquid instillations as well as aerosol-based systems (Dedrick and Flessner, 1997; Sugarbaker and Ryan, 2012; Khosrawipour et al., 2016a; Bellendorf et al., 2018). These limitations include inhomogeneous drug distribution and limited penetration into PM. Novel substances have also been used for intraperitoneal delivery however some show limited drug tissue penetration (Mikolajczyk et al., 2018b). Therefore, new delivery methods have been presented to improve IPC (Buggisch et al., 2022; Hwang et al., 2022). For the patients to have a better outcome, new physical methods of drug delivery have been used to enhance the antitumoral effect of IPC (Khosrawipour et al., 2016b; Khosrawipour et al., 2023a). One of these new physical methods is FBIC (Schubert et al., 2020).
In this study we were able to demonstrate that FBIC is a feasible concept. The data on intraoperative vital parameters, capnography, body temperature and respiratory rate indicate that the insufflation of FBIC is compatible with total anesthesia under external ventilation. Analyses of the postoperative blood work reveal no major changes on the red and white blood cell count and no changes on the platelet cell count. The postoperative time was limited to 7 days which shortened the observation of pathologies in the swine. However, within this period the large exposure to citric acid did not cause liver tissue necrosis.
Although the ALT was slightly above the upper reference range, ALP levels were not increased. This observation is relevant for FBIC because it shows that there is only limited damage to the liver. Citric acid at higher dosages can cause oxidative damage of hepatocytes by decreasing the activity of antioxidative enzymes. This has been studied on in-vivo mice models after intraperitoneal delivery with exposure to large amounts of citric acid (120–480 mg/kg-body weight) (Chen et al., 2014). However, no final conclusions regarding liver toxicity could be made because preoperative levels of ALT and ALP were not available. This needs to be reexamined in follow up studies.
CRP and white blood count show no signs of infection or inflammation. This is highly relevant as FBIC could have induced local inflammation, perforation or necrosis on large surfaces such as the peritoneum. This is important because of the effects that barium sulfate can have when it gets into contact with the peritoneal cavity. Although barium sulfate is a safe and non-toxic substance for oral intake it causes severe inflammation (Williams and Harned, 1991) upon entering the peritoneal cavity.
At the beginning, it was not possible to exclude a similar reaction on the peritoneal surface with the intraperitoneal delivery of FBIC. Due to this, it was important to evaluate the interaction of FBIC with the peritoneal surface. Therefore, on the seventh day the swine were autopsied. A thorough examination revealed no intraabdominal macroscopic pathologies nor signs of “changes” in the peritoneum (Figure 1D). This was also supported by histopathological analyses of the peritoneal tissue at various locations which is currently studied (Khosrawipour et al., 2023b). The core body temperature did not change even though the intraabdominal temperature decreased. At this point it is important to mention that the chemical reaction of bicarbonate and citric acid is endotherm. Looking forward we want to establish a better understanding of the temperature and distribution profile of FBIC. These aspects have been studied for the HIPEC in more detail (Cianc et al., 2018).
However, based on the presented data we can assume that the bicarbonate carrier system does not cause significant local toxicity and inflammation.
Intraoperative and early postoperative systemic effects of FBIC could potentially be more critical than concerns over local tissue biocompatibility.
The limited number of swine for the pilot project were set by the animal ethic commission. We hope that the current results will enable us to receive approval for a larger study series where more parameters can be analyzed. The postoperative observation was limited to 7 days. Increasing the overall observation time to 30 days or even 6 weeks would be helpful for a more substantial evaluation of the procedure. However, the combination of FBIC with a surgical procedure such as partial intestinal resection with anastomosis is feasible and could be considered in a follow-up study.
After further studies potential systemic effects could be addressed. However, it is very promising that we do not observe any adverse reactions 7 days into the procedure. Although we only had three swine in this study no postoperative complications and kidney, liver and pulmonary failures could be observed 7 days postoperatively.
The safety of this method needs to be confirmed by other studies involving more subjects. The evaluation of toxicity in an in-vivo setting and the pharmacological and antitumoral potentials of FBIC must be studied as well.
5 Conclusion
The unique characteristics of foam might be significantly advantageous for IPC treatment in PM. From an anesthesiologic perspective, if intraperitoneal foam is applied the challenges involving abdominal expansion and intraperitoneal degradation are manageable. The early postoperative organ functions do not seem to be critically impaired by the particular carrier-system. Although the current results are encouraging further research needs to be conducted to evaluate pharmacological and antitumoral potentials of FBIC as well as safety beyond the postoperative period of 7 days.
Statements
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Ethics statement
The animal study was approved by the Ethic Committee Name: Bioethics Committee of the Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy Approval Code: 029/2021/P1 Approval Date: 19.05.2021r. The study was conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements.
Author contributions
CK: Investigation, Methodology, Writing–original draft. JN: Conceptualization, Project administration, Writing–original draft. ZK: Conceptualization, Project administration, Writing–review and editing. PP: Writing–review and editing, Investigation, Methodology. BL: Investigation, Methodology, Writing–review and editing. SA-J: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Writing–review and editing. VK: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing–original draft. SL: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Writing–review and editing. HL: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Writing–review and editing. JK: Software, Visualization, Writing–review and editing. AD: Investigation, Validation, Writing–review and editing. WK: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing–review and editing. MC: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing–review and editing. AM-M: Conceptualization, Investigation, Supervision, Writing–original draft.
Funding
The authors declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. The APC is financed/co-financed by Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The authors declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
References
1
BellendorfA.KhosrawipourV.KhosrawipourT.SiebigterothS.CohnenJ.Diaz-CarballoD.et al (2018). Scintigraphic peritoneography reveals a non-uniform 99mTc-Pertechnetat aerosol distribution pattern for Pressurized Intra-Peritoneal Aerosol Chemotherapy (PIPAC) in a swine model. Surg. Endosc.32 (1), 166–174. 10.1007/s00464-017-5652-4
2
BuggischJ. R.GöhlerD.SobiloJ.LerondelS.RezniczekG. A.StintzM.et al (2022). Development and technical validation of an ultrasound nebulizer to deliver intraperitoneal pressurized aerosols in a rat colon cancer peritoneal metastases model. BMC Cancer22 (1), 570. 10.1186/s12885-022-09668-0
3
ChenX.LvQ.LiuY.DengW. (2014). Study on injury effect of food additive citric acid on liver tissue in mice. Cytotechnology66 (2), 275–282. 10.1007/s10616-013-9567-1
4
ChengJ.ZhaoL.ZhangY.QinY.GuanY.ZhangT.et al (2019). Understanding the mechanisms of resistance to CAR T-cell Therapy in malignancies. Front. Oncol.9, 1237. 10.3389/fonc.2019.01237
5
CianciS.VizzielliG.FagottiA.PacelliF.Di GiorgioA.TropeaA.et al (2018). A novel HIPEC technique using hybrid CO2 recirculation system: intra-abdominal diffusion test in a porcine model. Updat. Surg.70 (4), 529–533. 10.1007/s13304-018-0557-x
6
DedrickR. L.FlessnerM. F. (1997). Pharmacokinetic problems in peritoneal drug administration: tissue penetration and surface exposure. J. Natl. Cancer Inst.89, 480–487. 10.1093/jnci/89.7.480
7
DiakunA.KhosrawipourT.Mikolajczyk-MartinezA.NicpońJ.ThelenS.KiełbowiczZ.et al (2022a). Safety, feasibility, and application of intraperitoneal gas-based hyperthermia beyond 43°C in the treatment of peritoneal metastasis: an in-vivo pilot study. Front. Oncol.12, 953920. 10.3389/fonc.2022.953920
8
DiakunA.KhosrawipourT.Mikolajczyk-MartinezA.KuropkaP.NicpońJ.KiełbowiczZ.et al (2022b). In-vivo thermodynamic exploration of gas-based intraperitoneal hyperthermia. Front. Oncol.12, 925724. 10.3389/fonc.2022.925724
9
DiakunA.KhosrawipourT.Mikolajczyk-MartinezA.NicpońJ.KiełbowiczZ.PrządkaP.et al (2022c). The onset of in-vivo dehydration in gas -based intraperitoneal hyperthermia and its cytotoxic effects on colon cancer cells. Front. Oncol.12, 927714. 10.3389/fonc.2022.927714
10
GarberJ. C.BarbeeR. W.BielitzkoJ. T.ClaytonL. A.DonovanJ. C.HendriksenC.F. M.et al (2011). Guide for the Care and use of laboratory animals: eighth edition. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. Available from: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12910 (Accessed June, 2023).
11
GelliM.HugueninJ. F. L.de BaereT.BenhaimL.MarianiA.BoigeV.et al (2018). Peritoneal and extraperitoneal relapse after previous curative treatment of peritoneal metastases from colorectal cancer: what survival can we expect?Eur. J. Cancer100, 94–103. 10.1016/j.ejca.2018.04.015
12
GoéréD.PassotG.GelliM.LevineE. A.BartlettD. L.SugarbakerP. H.et al (2017). Complete cytoreductive surgery plus HIPEC for peritoneal metastases from unusual cancer sites of origin: results from a worldwide analysis issue of the Peritoneal Surface Oncology Group International (PSOGI). Int. J. Hyperth.33 (5), 520–527. 10.1080/02656736.2017.1301576
13
GöhlerD.KhosrawipourV.KhosrawipourT.Diaz-CarballoD.FalkensteinT. A.ZierenJ.et al (2017). Technical description of the microinjection pump (MIP®) and granulometric characterization of the aerosol applied for pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC). Surg. Endosc.31 (4), 1778–1784. 10.1007/s00464-016-5174-5
14
HwangD. W.LeeE. J.ChungJ. Y.LeeE. J.KimD.OhS. H.et al (2022). Optimal nozzle position and patient's posture to enhance drug delivery into the peritoneum during rotational intraperitoneal pressurized aerosol chemotherapy in a swine model. J. Pers. Med.12 (11), 1799. 10.3390/jpm12111799
15
KhosrawipourV.KhosrawipourT.FalkensteinT. A.Diaz-CarballoD.FörsterE.OsmaA.et al (2016a). Evaluating the effect of Micropump© position, internal pressure and doxorubicin dosage on efficacy of pressurized intra-peritoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC) in an ex vivo model. Anticancer Res.36 (9), 4595–4600. 10.21873/anticanres.11008
16
KhosrawipourV.Giger-PabstU.KhosrawipourT.PourY. H.Diaz-CarballoD.FörsterE.et al (2016b). Effect of irradiation on tissue penetration depth of doxorubicin after pressurized intra-peritoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC) in a novel ex-vivo model. J. Cancer7 (8), 910–914. 10.7150/jca.14714
17
KhosrawipourT.KhosrawipourV.Giger-PabstU. (2017). Pressurized Intra Peritoneal Aerosol Chemotherapy in patients suffering from peritoneal carcinomatosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. PLoS One12 (10), e0186709. 10.1371/journal.pone.0186709
18
KhosrawipourV.MikolajczykA.SchubertJ.KhosrawipourT. (2018). Pressurized intra-peritoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC) via endoscopical microcatheter system. Anticancer Res.38 (6), 3447–3452. 10.21873/anticanres.12613
19
KhosrawipourT.SchubertJ.KhosrawipourV.ChaudhryH.GrzesiakJ.ArafkasM.et al (2019). Particle stability and structure on the peritoneal surface in pressurized intra-peritoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC) analysed by electron microscopy: first evidence of a new physical concept for PIPAC. Oncol. Lett.17 (6), 4921–4927. 10.3892/ol.2019.10162
20
KhosrawipourT.SchubertJ.KulasJ.MigdalP.ArafkasM.BaniaJ.et al (2020a). Creating nanocrystallized chemotherapy: the differences in pressurized aerosol chemotherapy (PAC) via intracavitary (IAG) and extracavitary aerosol generation (EAG) regarding particle generation, morphology and structure. J. Cancer11 (6), 1308–1314. 10.7150/jca.39097
21
KhosrawipourV.MikolajczykA.PaslawskiR.PlociennikM.NowakK.KulasJ.et al (2020b). Intrathoracic aerosol chemotherapy via spray-catheter. Mol. Clin. Oncol.12 (4), 350–354. 10.3892/mco.2020.1999
22
KhosrawipourC.DiakunA.LiS.LauH.KulasJ.KhosrawipourV.et al (2023a). Triple-therapy of peritoneal metastasis-partial-dehydration under hyperthermic condition combined with chemotherapy: the first preliminary in-vitro results. Pharm. (Basel)16 (5), 763. 10.3390/ph16050763
23
KhosrawipourC.NicpońJ.KiełbowiczZ.PrządkaP.LiszkaB.KhosrawipourV.et al (2023b). Drug distribution and penetration of foam-based intraperitoneal chemotherapy (FBIC). Pharm. (Basel)16, 1393. [accepted for publication]. 10.3390/ph16101393
24
LauH.KhosrawipourT.MikolajczykA.FrelkiewiczP.NicponJ.ArafkasM.et al (2020). Intraperitoneal chemotherapy of the peritoneal surface using high-intensity ultrasound (HIUS): investigation of technical feasibility, safety and possible limitations. J. Cancer11 (24), 7209–7215. 10.7150/jca.48519
25
MikolajczykA.KhosrawipourV.SchubertJ.ChaudhryH.PigazziA.KhosrawipourT. (2018a). Particle stability during pressurized intra-peritoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC). Anticancer Res.38 (8), 4645–4649. 10.21873/anticanres.12769
26
MikolajczykA.KhosrawipourV.SchubertJ.GrzesiakJ.ChaudhryH.PigazziA.et al (2018b). Effect of liposomal doxorubicin in pressurized intra-peritoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC). J. Cancer9 (23), 4301–4305. 10.7150/jca.26860
27
MikolajczykA.KhosrawipourT.KulasJ.MigdalP.ArafkasM.NicponJ.et al (2020). The structural effect of high intensity ultrasound on peritoneal tissue: a potential vehicle for targeting peritoneal metastases. BMC Cancer20 (1), 481. 10.1186/s12885-020-06981-4
28
MikolajczykA.KhosrawipourV.LauH.LiS.MigdalP.LabbéM. K.et al (2022). Exploring the potential of taurolidine in inducing mobilization and detachment of colon cancer cells: a preliminary in-vitro study. BMC Pharmacol. Toxicol.23 (1), 38. 10.1186/s40360-022-00572-8
29
PatelM.AroraA.MukherjeeD.MukherjeeS. (2023). Effect of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy on survival and recurrence rates in advanced gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Surg.109, 2435–2450. Epub ahead of print. 10.1097/JS9.0000000000000457
30
SadeghiB.ArvieuxC.GlehenO.BeaujardA. C.RivoireM.BaulieuxJ.et al (2000). Peritoneal carcinomatosis from non-gynecologic malignancies: results of the EVOCAPE 1 multicentric prospective study. Cancer88 (2), 358–363. 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(20000115)88:2<358:aid-cncr16>3.0.co;2-o
31
SchubertJ.KhosrawipourT.PigazziA.KulasJ.BaniaJ.MigdalP.et al (2019). Evaluation of cell-detaching effect of edta in combination with oxaliplatin for a possible application in HIPEC after cytoreductive surgery: a preliminary in-vitro study. Curr. Pharm. Des.25 (45), 4813–4819. 10.2174/1381612825666191106153623
32
SchubertJ.KhosrawipourT.ReinhardS.ArafkasM.MartinoA.BaniaJ.et al (2020). The concept of foam as a drug carrier for intraperitoneal chemotherapy, feasibility, cytotoxicity and characteristics. Sci. Rep.10 (1), 10341. 10.1038/s41598-020-67236-7
33
ShaoM. M.PeiX. B.ChenQ. Y.WangF.WangZ.ZhaiK. (2023). Macrophage-derived exosome promotes regulatory T cell differentiation in malignant pleural effusion. Front. Immunol.14, 1161375. 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1161375
34
SouadkaA.EssangriH.MajbarM. A.BenkabbouA.BoutayebS.YouB.et al (2022). Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy and cytoreductive surgery in ovarian cancer: an umbrella review of meta-analyses. Front. Oncol.12, 809773. 10.3389/fonc.2022.809773
35
SugarbakerP. H.RyanD. P. (2012). Cytoreductive surgery plus hyperthermic perioperative chemotherapy to treat peritoneal metastases from colorectal cancer: standard of care or an experimental approach?Lancet Oncol.13 (8), e362–e369. 10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70210-3
36
WilliamsS. M.HarnedR. K. (1991). Recognition and prevention of barium enema complications. Curr. Probl. Diagn Radiol.20, 123–151. 10.1016/0363-0188(91)90017-v
Summary
Keywords
foam-based intraperitoneal chemotherapy, chemotherapy, doxorubicin, peritoneal metastasis, laparoscopy
Citation
Khosrawipour C, Nicpoń J, Kiełbowicz Z, Prządka P, Liszka B, Al-Jundi S, Khosrawipour V, Li S, Lau H, Kulas J, Diakun A, Kielan W, Chabowski M and Mikolajczyk-Martinez A (2023) Intraoperative parameters and postoperative follow-up of foam-based intraperitoneal chemotherapy (FBIC). Front. Pharmacol. 14:1276759. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1276759
Received
12 August 2023
Accepted
31 October 2023
Published
14 November 2023
Volume
14 - 2023
Edited by
Elaine Leite, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Reviewed by
Giuseppe Vizzielli, University of Udine, Italy
Masamitsu Kanada, Michigan State University, United States
Updates
Copyright
© 2023 Khosrawipour, Nicpoń, Kiełbowicz, Prządka, Liszka, Al-Jundi, Khosrawipour, Li, Lau, Kulas, Diakun, Kielan, Chabowski and Mikolajczyk-Martinez.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Agata Mikolajczyk-Martinez, agata.mikolajczyk-martinez@upwr.edu.pl
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.