Factors associated with suicidality among school attending adolescents in morocco

Abstract

Suicide amongst adolescents is a growing epidemic accounting for 6% of all adolescent deaths. Even though 79% of adolescent suicides occur in low- and middle-income countries, where suicide is the second leading cause of death, research is relatively lacking. As such, we aim to gain a greater understanding of suicide in said countries by assessing ideation and planning and associated factors in Morocco. Global Schools Health Survey data was analyzed. Approximately 14.4 and 12.9% reported ideation and planning respectively during the prior year in 2016, indicating a decrease from the reported rates of ideation of 16.0 and 17.0% and planning of 14.6 and 15.0% in 2006 and 2010 surveys respectively. Increased ideation was found to be positively associated with identifying as female and increasing age, whereas planning was positively associated with a lower educational level and living in a rural area. Both were positively associated with increased hunger frequency. Several factors increased the likelihood of ideation: bullying, feeling lonely, current cigarettes smoking, and current marijuana use. Studying factors associated with suicide is challenging, alternatively, factors affecting ideation and planning can be assessed. Sociocultural differences may impact trends in a specific region, though countries in said region may have comparable trends. The study adds to the limited data available in the region. Reverse causality and under-reporting could be the main limitations of this study. Interventions taking into account those results should be tested to decrease such a prevalence.

Introduction

Suicide among adolescents is a growing epidemic affecting youth globally accounting for 8.5% of all causes of mortality amongst young adults aged 15–29; it is the second cause of death among adolescent worldwide (1). Even though the absolute number of suicide cases among adolescents is lower than that of older adults, it poses a significant public health threat affecting individuals, families, and communities alike through multiple dimensions including economic, social and psychological (2). Although low- and middle-income countries account for 79% of suicide cases among adolescents, research delving into suicide, associated risk factors, and prevention is often neglected in said countries (3). Prior studies have highlighted the scarcity of data and research in Muslim-majority countries, which in turn impacts assessment of prevalence, effective intervention planning and education, and prevention (4). Suicide is defined as the act of taking one's own life intentionally. While suicidal ideation is defined as having thoughts of wishing you were dead (would be better off not living) but without having plans to commit suicide, and suicidal planning is having a detailed suicidal plan (5). Though the rates of suicidal ideation and suicidal planning are higher than suicidal attempts and completed suicide, the prevalence of completed suicide is staggering. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, in 2018 1.4 million Americans attempted suicide and 47,173 died as result of suicide, of which 6,769 were between the ages of 10 and 24 (6). According to the WHO, every 40 seconds one person dies as a result of suicide.

Suicide is complex to understand for both the victims and researchers alike. As such, it is a multidimensional complex public health threat that is challenging to truly decipher and understand. Although suicidality is hard to predict, there has been multiple studies exploring the potential risk factors of suicide including psychological, sociological, and biological factors. A study exploring suicide and its associated risk factors on both population and individual level concluded that individual risk factors include family history, loneliness, traumatic events, interpersonal stressors, and non-mental chronic disease (7). About 20% of adolescents experience mental health disorders, depression and anxiety being most common, which precipitate most of suicide and suicidal attempts (8, 9). It is hypothesized that adolescents would utilize online search engines to explore methods for suicide, which could be used to explore associations and target interventions. A study conducted in Italy, found an association between Google search volumes for the term “suicide” and the volume of death due to suicide in the following 3 months; however, no correlation was found with the terms “how to commit suicide” and “commit suicide.” The difference in correlation is thought to be due to the search being linked to other factors such as personal interest and suicide bereavement (10). According to the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children's Fund, health systems and international organizations need to place more emphasis on the importance of adolescents' mental health (1).

Suicide is associated with a wide variety of risk factors and demographics that are different/heterogeneous between different regions of the world (1). Research studies conducted in Europe and North America indicate that the rate of suicide differs between genders and a correlation exists with multiple associated factors including life satisfaction and mental illness (11). Some studies have shown that the male sex, parental and/or personal mental health problems, belonging to the LGBTQI+ community, substance intoxication, substance use disorders, and pathologic internet use are associated with increased risk of suicide (12). The rates of completed suicide amongst boys is 3 times that of girls; however, the rates of incomplete suicidal attempts are 2 times higher in girls as compared to boys. It is estimated that between 1 in 50 to 1 in 100 suicidal attempts are completed suicides. The gender discrepancy in the rates of completed suicide and suicidal attempts is hypothesized to be due to girls using less lethal methods as compared to boys (12). However, relatively limited research is conducted in the Middle East and North Africa due to multiple variables including lack of reporting due to the associated social stigma and cultural restrictions. The available studies often combine countries together or use older datasets. Socio-cultural differences play a significant role in the perception of suicide, which may impact reporting of suicide cases. When assessing suicidality and associated risk factors, it is important to assess both suicidal ideation and planning within a specific sociocultural context. Unfortunately, due to limited suicide research in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, there is relatively limited information as compared to other regions (13). A 2017 study assessing suicide in Morocco using the 2010 dataset of the Global Schools Health Survey found that 16.6% of adolescents have expressed suicidal ideation, and a positive correlation existed between suicide and increasing age, food insecurity, anxiety, loneliness, bullying, substance abuse, and cigarette and marijuana smoking (14). Additionally, a recent study evaluating suicidal ideation amongst adolescents in Lebanon found that out of the 1,810 adolescents enrolled, 28.9% expressed suicidal ideation, which was associated with psychological abuse, child physical abuse, alcohol dependence, fear, impulsivity, bullying, internet addiction and identifying as female (15).

The following study primarily aims are to 1) estimate the prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide planning amongst school attending adolescents in Morocco and compare it to prevalence of other countries during the same period, 2) explore associations between suicidal ideation and planning and demographic variables and 3) explore the potential association between suicidal ideation and planning and risky behaviors amongst school attending adolescents. We hypothesis that suicidality is positively associated with worse mental health wellbeing and increased risky behaviors.

Materials and methods

Study setting and sample

Morocco, located in the Southern Mediterranean in Northwest Africa, is an amalgamation of African, Arab, and European cultures 15. According to the world bank, Morocco is classified as a lower middle-income country with a population of approximately 37 million, of which 30% are youth between the ages 15 and 29 (16, 17). Though multiple languages are spoken across Morocco, Arabic is the official national language (18). Over the past two decades, primary school enrollment significantly increased, and it was reported to be 99.1% in 2018 (19).

The following study is a secondary data analysis of an open access data available for the cross-sectional study the “Global Schools Health Survey (GSHS)” conducted in 2016 in Morocco. The GSHS is a collaborative joint effort between the World Health Organization and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to assist countries globally to accurately assess behaviors amongst school attending young adolescents with low administrative cost. The GSHS is a self-administered questionnaire exploring 10 pillars: Alcohol use, Dietary behaviors, Drug use, Hygiene, Mental health, Physical activity, Protective factors, Sexual behaviors, Tobacco use, and Violence and unintentional injury (20). Inclusion criteria was based on class level and not on age, recruiting participants in grades 7–12. Exclusion criteria include individuals not enrolled in school at the time of the study. Necessary ethical approvals were obtained by the national authorities such as Ministries of Public Health and Education. Participation in the survey is voluntary, and students may opt out.

A total of 6,745 school-attending adolescents between the ages of 13 and 17 participated in the study, with a student response rate of 93% 23. Participants were enrolled in schools in either rural or urban areas in Grades 1 ASC - 2nd yr. Bac (equivalent to grades 7–12).

Measures

The Global Schools Health Survey that was conducted in Morocco assessed, except for alcohol use and sexual behaviors, all other 8 core modules in the questionnaire.

Suicidality was assessed by measuring suicidal ideation and suicidal planning, using the questions “During the past 12 months, did you ever seriously consider attempting suicide?” and “During the past 12 months, did you make a plan about how you would attempt suicide?” respectively. Participants' demographics including age, sex, weight, educational level, hunger frequency, and school setting were collected. The four questions regarding parental involvement were first dichotomized into yes or no as per the following: “Reported that their parents or guardians most of the time or always checked to see if their homework was done,” “Reported that their parents or guardians most of the time or always understood their problems and worries,” “Reported that their parents or guardians most of the time or always really knew what they were doing with their free time,” and “Reported that their parents or guardians never or rarely went through their things without their approval.” The variable parental involvement was then the sum of the previous four dichotomized variables with higher scores indicating higher levels of parental involvement. Additionally, mental health and wellbeing were assessed using two questions: “Most of the time or always felt lonely” and “Most of the time or always were so worried about something that they could not sleep at night.” Victimization due to bullying was assessed with “Were bullied during the past 30 days.” Additionally, substance use was measured using multiple different questions: “Currently smokes cigarettes,” “Currently uses marijuana,” “Ever used amphetamines or methamphetamines,” and “Used drugs before age 14 years.”

Statistical analysis

Demographics were summarized using frequency distributions. Chi-squared tests were used to evaluate the association between different demographic variables and suicidal ideation and planning. Univariate and Multivariate logistic regressions were used to explore the simultaneous associations between potential associated factors and suicidal ideation and planning while controlling for age, sex, school grade, weight, parental involvement, and hunger frequency. Unadjusted and Adjusted Odds Ratios and their 95% confidence intervals were reported. A p-value less than or equal to 0.05 was considered significant. The analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 26.0, Armonk NY, USA.

Results

Global trends

The prevalence of suicidal ideation and planning amongst adolescents in Morocco in 2016 was 16.0% (95% CI: 15.1–17.0) and 14.6% (95% CI: 13.7–15.5) respectively. During the prior decade the prevalence of both suicidal ideation and planning increased from 14.4 and 12.9% in 2006 to 17.0 and 15.0% in 2010. Using GSHS data conducted around the same year, the results in Morocco were comparable to that of other Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) countries such as Lebanon. Liberia had the highest percentage of both suicidal ideation and planning amongst school attending adolescents with 26.8 and 36.5% respectively in comparison to other countries in which the GSHS was administered. Myanmar had the lowest percentage of suicidal ideation and Indonesia had the lowest percentage of suicidal planning: 8.7 and 6.3% respectively. The trends also suggest that the Americas region has the highest overall prevalence of suicidal ideation. Table 1 includes global trends of suicidal ideation and planning from each of the five regions the GHSH was conducted.

Participants' characteristics

Overall, 53.1% of participants identify as male whereas 46.9% as female. The majority were of age 15 or older (54.6%), in ASC classes (grades 7 to 9) (66.9%) and living in rural areas (51.2%). Of participants, 8.7% reported the lowest level of parental involvement. About 1 in 10 of the respondents indicated that they were always or, most of the time hungry due to not having food at home. The mental health parameters assessed indicated that 20.1 and 17.6% felt lonely and were so worried they could not sleep respectively. Approximately 39% of the participants reported that they were bullied during the prior month. At least 8% currently smoke cigarettes, 7% currently use marijuana, 8% ever used amphetamines or methamphetamines, and 15% reported ever using drugs. Table 2 delves into the demographics and characteristics of all participants.

Bivariate and multivariate analysis

Suicidal ideation was found to be associated with multiple demographic variables, lack of parental involvement and risk behavior variables (p < 0.05) as indicated in Table 3. Bivariate associations revealed that adolescents who identified as male were less likely to express suicidal ideation as compared to females and an increase in hunger frequency increases the likelihood of suicidal ideation. Adolescents with increased parental involvement were associated with lower rates of suicidal ideation. Mental health and risky behavior parameters increased the likelihood of suicidal ideation. Multivariate analysis revealed an increase in suicidal ideation with increased age, identifying as female, lower school grade, lack of parental involvement and increased hunger frequency. In the multivariate analysis, the mental health and risky behavior parameters increased the likelihood of suicidal ideation: felt lonely most of the time (OR: 2.481; 95% CI: 2.091–2.944), so worried that they couldn't sleep (OR: 2.640; 95% CI: 2.220–3.141), bullied (OR: 2.145; 95% CI: 1.829–2.517), smoke cigarettes (OR: 3.081; 95% CI: 2.386–3.979), use marijuana (OR: 2.739; 95% CI: 2.058–3.647), and ever used amphetamines or methamphetamines (OR: 3.360; 95% CI: 2.552–4.423).

Additionally, suicidal planning was found to be associated with multiple demographic and risky behavior variables (p < 0.05) as indicated in Table 4. Bivariate analysis indicated that there is no statistically significant difference between male and female adolescents in terms of suicidal planning; however, multivariate analysis indicated that males are less likely to express suicidal planning (OR: 0.818; 95% CI: 0.696–0.961). Hunger frequency trends and parental involvement had similar results to that of suicidal planning in both bivariate and multivariate analysis. Multivariate analysis revealed multiple mental health and risky behavior parameters that increase the likelihood of suicidal planning (p < 0.05): felt lonely most of the time (OR:1.955; 95% CI: 1.632–2.342), so worried that they couldn't sleep (OR: 1.994; 95% CI: 1.657–2.399), bullied (OR: 1.715; 95% CI: 1.454–2.023), smoke cigarettes (OR: 2.920; 95% CI: 2.234–3.817), use marijuana (OR: 2.645; 95% CI: 1.971–3.549), and ever used amphetamines or methamphetamines (OR: 2.751; 95% CI: 2.070–3.656).

Discussion

The study found that 1 in 6 and 1 in 7 school attending adolescents in Morocco reported suicide ideation and planning respectively. That, suicidality is positively associated with age, being a female, lack of parental support, increased hunger frequency, risky behaviors and worse mental health wellbeing. Studying psychosocial factors associated with completed suicide poses a significant challenge, alternatively, factors affecting ideation and planning can be assessed. It is challenging to compare the data to the global international trends due to sociocultural differences impacting the perception of suicide and thus affecting the willingness to self-report ideation and planning (1). However, the results and trends are comparable to those of other countries in the region with similar sociocultural influences (3, 21, 22).

The results indicate that the prevalence of suicidal ideation and planning among school-attending adolescents in Morocco is comparable to that of countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, which ranges from 16–21% and 9–17% respectively. In comparison to the other regions, GSHS data indicated that the prevalence of suicidal ideation and planning in Morocco is lower than that of countries in Africa and the Americans but higher than countries in South-East Asia and Western Pacific (Table 1). The results indicate that studying factors associated with suicide need to be socioculturally relevant to the said region as different factors may impact suicidality differently based on external factors.

Mental health and wellbeing in the Eastern Mediterranean Region are influenced by many parameters that are unique to the region. Belief and religiosity are found to be a source of wellbeing and a protective factor against suicide (23). The region contains an amalgam of religions: Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. Islam accounts for the belief of 90% of the citizens in the region (24). Religion plays a significant role in the lives of individuals in the region. Considering Islam, Christianity, and Judaism prohibit suicide, it may in turn affect the prevalence of suicide. The scarcity of data and research assessing suicide in Muslim-majority countries further challenges understanding suicide and associated factors in the region (4). Additionally, studies have shown the potential presence of a relationship between climate change and mental health (25). As such, the similarities in the climate in the region may play a role in the trends of mental illnesses particularly anxiety and depression (24).

The Eastern Mediterranean Region is rich in culture and historic backgrounds. Culturally, families in the region are more closely knit than other regions (24). Being in a supportive, healthy family-oriented environment is found to be protective of mental illness (26). Both cultural background and a family environment supports mental wellbeing (24).

The common misconceptions and negative attitudes toward mental illness generate stigma that impacts access to mental healthcare and mental wellbeing. Due to the influence of culture and religion in the Arab world, mental illness is often viewed as the result of a higher power. For instance, Muslims often view mental illness as the “evil eye” or “jinn possession,” Christians often view it as the “devil possession” and in certain countries due to cultural influences it is viewed as a “case of contamination” that can be accidentally contracted by “stepping on sorcery or drinking it” as seen in Morocco (27).

The results indicate that the prevalence of suicidal ideation and planning are similar in the region, which could be due to the sociocultural differences as highlighted above. Additionally, the results support the global sex differences in suicidal ideation, which indicates that females are more likely to express suicidal ideation (28).

Additionally, the demographic data associated with suicidal ideation was similar to that of other countries in the region. For instance, an increasing hunger frequency was associated with an increase in suicidal ideation (22). Multiple studies exploring variables that increase the likelihood of suicidal ideation also revealed an increased likelihood associated with increased bullying, cigarette smoking, feeling lonely, feeling worried, drug use, and marijuana use (15, 22, 28). Interestingly however, our study revealed an association between suicidal ideation and increasing age, which was similar to a study conducted in Lebanon using data from 2005 but opposing another study conducted in Lebanon in 2020 (15, 22).

Suicidal planning trends and associations were similar to that of other countries in the region. A study assessing factors associated with suicidal ideation and planning amongst Palestinian adolescents also revealed that feeling lonely, feeling worried, experiencing bullying, smoking cigarettes, using marijuana, and using amphetamines increased the likelihood of suicidal planning. Similarly, our study revealed similar findings using both bivariate and multivariate analysis. Additionally, our results revealed that drug use before the age of 14 increased the likelihood of suicidal planning. In terms of participants characteristics, our data indicates an association between increasing hunger frequency, living in a rural area and suicidal planning. Both parameters may be associated with socioeconomic status affecting food scarcity. Additionally, it was found that decreasing educational levels was associated with increasing rates of suicidal planning.

The study adds to the limited data available in the region. Based on the results and regional trends, national systemic interventions need to be studied to decrease the prevalence of the growing public health threat. Interventions need to be aimed at tackling hunger frequency, creating supportive school environments, introducing school counselors in order to recognize early signs and intervene early, and educate students about mental health and the consequences of cigarette smoking, marijuana use, and drug use. Additionally, significant efforts are needed to address the stigma associated with mental illness, which impacts individuals' willingness to seek help.

It is challenging to study the factors associated with completed suicide, as such suicidal ideation and planning are used instead to draw inferences. Additionally, it is also challenging to conduct a prospective study to explore factors associated with completed suicide. Alternatively, a cross-sectional design was used. The main limitation of such study design is reverse causality, and thus only allows us to determine associations rather than causation. Additional limitations include under-reporting, sample size not including adolescents not enrolled in schools, and the lack of pertinent demographics such as socioeconomic status, religion, and family dynamics. On the other hand, the study's large sample size ensures the diversity and representativeness of the data, and since the data was a part of the WHO's Global Schools Health Survey it allows for better comparison between regions and countries. Further research needs to be conducted to consider specific sociocultural differences in order to better understand their impact on suicidality.

Based on the study results, monitoring of adolescent mental health wellbeing in schools should be a priority, awareness campaigns with parents should be initiated and culturally acceptable interventions should be developed and tested to address suicidality. The effort should come from all involved parties (Government, School, Parents and Adolescents) focusing on psychoeducation, taking into account sociocultural factors and also tackling the associated stigma to build community-based interventions.

Funding

This paper uses data from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS). GYTS is supported by the World Health Organization and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Publisher's note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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