In the published article, there was an error in Table 1 as published. The entry for Developmental disorders, originally listed as 11 (21.7), is incorrect; the correct figure is Developmental disorders, 11 (18.3). Similarly, the entry for Psychostimulants, previously stated as 5 (7.4), is incorrect; the accurate figure is Psychostimulants, 5 (8.3). The entry for combined therapy with both (n = 5) is also incorrect; the correct number is combined therapy with both (n = 6). Finally, the entry for Antipsychotics was listed as 15 (25) without decimal point, but the correct version is Antipsychotics, 15 (25.0). The corrected Table 1 and its caption appear below.
Table 1
| Age, median (range), year | 24.0 (16–71) |
| Male, n (%) | 34 (56.7) |
| BMI, median (range), kg/cm2 | 20.5 (15.9–32.3) |
| Student, n (%) | 26 (43.3) |
| Unemployed or did not attend school, n (%) | 20 (33.3) |
| Cohabitation, n (%) | 43 (71.7) |
| Decreased social zeitgebers, n (%) | 38 (63.3) |
| Baseline CGI-S, median (range)a | 3.0 (2.0–6.0) |
| Endpoint CGI-S, median (range)b | 4.0 (2.0–6.0) |
| Coexisting mental disorders | |
| Schizophrenia, n (%) | 1 (1.7) |
| Mood disorders, n (%)c | 13 (21.7) |
| Anxiety disorders, n (%)d | 6 (10.0) |
| Developmental disorders, n (%)e | 11 (18.3) |
| Other coexisting sleep disorders | |
| Obstructive sleep apnea, n (%) | 12 (20.0) |
| Central disorders of hypersomnolence, n (%)f | 3 (5.0) |
| Sleep-related movement disorders, n (%)g | 3 (5.0) |
| Parasomnias, n (%)h | 1 (1.7) |
| Chronobiological intervention at baselinei | 44 (73.3) |
| Psychotropic medication other than ramelteon and melatonin | |
| Antipsychotics, n (%) | 15 (25.0) |
| Antidepressants, n (%) | 12 (20.0) |
| Mood stabilizers, n (%) | 6 (10.0) |
| Benzodiazepines, n (%) | 12 (20.0) |
| Non-benzodiazepines, n (%) | 7 (11.7) |
| Orexin receptor antagonists, n (%) | 8 (13.3) |
| Psychostimulants, n (%) | 5 (8.3) |
Demographic and clinical data of patients with DSWPD (n = 60).
Baseline CGI-S: before the COVID-19 pandemic.
Endpoint CGI-S: during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Including major depressive disorder (n = 9) and bipolar disorder (n = 4).
Including generalized anxiety disorder (n = 1), social anxiety disorder (n = 3), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (n = 2).
Including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (n = 2), autism spectrum disorder (n = 8), and a combination of both (n = 1).
Including narcolepsy type two (n = 2) and idiopathic hypersomnia (n = 1).
Including restless legs (n = 1) and periodic limb movements (n = 2).
Sleep-related eating disorder.
Including use of ramelteon or melatonin (n = 37), bright light therapy (n = 1), and combined therapy with both (n = 6).
DSWPD, delayed sleep-wake phase disorder; BMI, body mass index; CGI-S, clinical global impressions - severity of illness scale.
In the published article, there was an error in Table 3 as published. Within the footnotes, the entry for combination therapy of both, originally listed as (n = 5), is incorrect; the correct number is combination therapy of both (n = 6). Additionally, the footnote c) was missing the information about the combination of obstructive sleep apnea with sleep-related movement disorders, which should have been mentioned as (n = 1). The corrected Table 3 and its caption appear below.
Table 3
| Univariate relative risk (95% CI)b | p | Multivariate relative risk (95% CI)b | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 1.004 (0.965–1.045) | n.s. | ||
| Male sex | 0.700 (0.250–1.957) | n.s. | ||
| BMI | 1.072 (0.929–1.238) | n.s. | ||
| Student | 1.429 (0.511–3.995) | n.s. | ||
| Unemployed or did not attend school | 0.388 (0.124–1.212) | n.s. | ||
| Cohabitation | 2.514 (0.755–8.368) | n.s. | ||
| Decreased social zeitgebers | 4.675 (1.427–15.321) | 0.011 | 6.668 (1.653–26.891) | 0.008 |
| Coexisting mental disorders | ||||
| Schizophrenia | — | — | ||
| Mood disorders | 5.882 (1.421–24.355) | 0.015 | 8.876 (1.714–45.974) | 0.009 |
| Anxiety disorders | 1.250 (0.231–6.760) | n.s. | ||
| Developmental disorders | 0.646 (0.167–2.493) | n.s. | ||
| Other coexisting sleep disordersc | 0.968 (0.319–2.940) | n.s. | ||
| Chronobiological intervention during the pandemicd | 1.242 (0.399–3.871) | n.s. | ||
| Psychotropic medications other than ramelteon and melatonin | 2.400 (0.837–6.882) | n.s. | ||
Factors associated with worsened DSWPD symptomsa.
Using the difference in CGI-S scores before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, we defined the worsened group as one or more points increase.
Relative risks approximated to odds ratios.
Including obstructive sleep apnea (n = 11), central disorders of hypersomnolence (n = 3), sleep-related movement disorders (n = 2), parasomnias (n = 1), and combination of obstructive sleep apnea with sleep-related movement disorders (n = 1).
Including use of ramelteon or melatonin (n = 36), bright light therapy (n = 1), and combination therapy of both (n = 6).
In the published article, there was also an error in the text. The term “?2 test” was incorrect, and the correct term is the “χ2 test”.
An amendment has been made in the Methods section, specifically the Statistical analysis part, on Line 2.
Originally, the sentence stated:
“Based on baseline severity, a comparison between mild DSWPD and moderate-to-severe DSWPD was made using the ?2 test for categorical variables and the Mann-Whitney U-test for the following continuous variables:”
The corrected sentence appears below:
“Based on baseline severity, a comparison between mild DSWPD and moderate-to-severe DSWPD was made using the χ2 test for categorical variables and the Mann–Whitney U-test for the following continuous variables:”
The authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.
Statements
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Summary
Keywords
delayed sleep-wake phase disorder, coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19, state of emergency, Japan, social zeitgeber, bipolar disorder, depression
Citation
Otsuki R, Matsui K, Yoshiike T, Nagao K, Utsumi T, Tsuru A, Ayabe N, Hazumi M, Fukumizu M and Kuriyama K (2023) Corrigendum: Decrease in social zeitgebers is associated with worsened delayed sleep-wake phase disorder: findings during the pandemic in Japan. Front. Psychiatry 14:1238041. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1238041
Received
10 June 2023
Accepted
21 June 2023
Published
04 July 2023
Volume
14 - 2023
Edited and reviewed by
Takashi Kanbayashi, University of Tsukuba, Japan
Updates
Copyright
© 2023 Otsuki, Matsui, Yoshiike, Nagao, Utsumi, Tsuru, Ayabe, Hazumi, Fukumizu and Kuriyama.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Kentaro Matsui matsui.kentaro@ncnp.go.jp
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.