Intersection of Diet, Health, and Environment: Land Grant Universities' Role in Creating Platforms for Sustainable Food Systems

Introduction

Food system professionals must feed a growing global population healthful, environmentally resilient diets (Clark et al., 2018). The global food system contributes to the triple burden of hunger, micronutrient deficiency, and obesity (Gomez and Barrett, 2013). Meanwhile, poor food production practices contribute to environmental degradation through greenhouse gas emissions, soil erosion, and decreased biodiversity. The negative implications of this system may exacerbate as the population surpasses 9 billion by 2,050, and food production increases to meet demand (Tilman et al., 2011). Recognizing this wicked challenge, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) developed 17 cross-cutting Sustainable Development Goals that promote human and environmental health (FAO., 2017a). These goals provide orientation and direction for local food systems to achieve diets that support human and environmental health.

Local food systems are increasingly important as consumers demand transparent, equitable food systems (Wognum et al., 2011). Many efforts strive to improve agricultural sustainability; provide equitable, culturally appropriate access to safe, nutritional foods; and enhance economies. Despite inextricable linkages, these efforts often occur in isolation. Enhanced coordination of local efforts focusing on agriculture, nutritional food security, and economic development could conceivably yield major impacts on human health, environmental sustainability and economic prosperity. Land grant universities provide a platform for enhanced coordination of these efforts while operating at the nexus of the public and private sectors (Korczak et al., 2015). These universities were established to provide a practical education of agricultural, mechanical, and classical studies to the public using federal land (Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities Association of Public Land-Grant Universities [APLU]., 2012). Faculty, students, research platforms, agriculture experiment stations, and extension services (e.g., community outreach) are key components of this mission (Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities Association of Public Land-Grant Universities [APLU]., 2012). Universities play a crucial role in generating research and engaging in outreach activities that assist local efforts to improve agricultural sustainability and to provide equitable access to healthful foods.

Here, we briefly discuss links between diets and environment by highlighting information published by the EAT-Lancet Commission on Food, Planet, and Health (EAT-Lancet) to provide a global context. We discuss the potential role of land grant universities in supporting the development of nutrition sensitive food systems. The article then describes Minnesota-based initiatives providing healthful, affordable, safe foods for communities as an example of local efforts linking community, university, and industry activities. Finally, the article recommends that the University of Minnesota can play a role in developing nutrition sensitive value chains.

Part 1 – Diet, Health, and Environment: Global Context and Recommendations

Sustainable diets promote health and nutrition, minimize environmental impacts, remain economically feasible, and promote sociocultural wellness (Drewnowski, 2018). Healthful diets include adequate amounts of protein-rich foods, fruits, vegetables, and fats. Dietary recommendations vary depending on demographic characteristics. However, dietary guidance, such as the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs), is based on mean population requirements (Obama, 2019). The DGA-recommended dietary pattern should support the health of the general population, but achieving dietary guidance is difficult as the food supply is largely non-compliant with DGAs (Krebs-Smith et al., 2010; Miller et al., 2015). Dietary guidance has not traditionally accounted for the impact of diets on the environment, which presents an opportunity as we approach 2050.

A growing body of literature highlights the link between plant-based diets, nutrition, and environmental health. The EAT-Lancet report suggests diets promoting nutrition and physical health as well as environmental sustainability are essential for the persistence of the global population (Willett et al., 2019). Plant-based diets are associated with decreased mortality and decreased risk for chronic disease (Orlich et al., 2013; Satija et al., 2016, 2017). Increased vegetable and fruit consumption is associated with decreased risk for chronic diseases (Hung et al., 2004), including Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (Muraki et al., 2013), cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer (Aune et al., 2017), and weight gain (Bertoia et al., 2015). Diets rich in whole grains are associated with decreased risk for T2DM, CVD, and cancer (Parker et al., 2013; Aune et al., 2016a). Similarly, nut and legume consumption is associated with decreased risks of CVD, T2DM, and all-cause mortality (Bernstein et al., 2010; Afshin et al., 2014; Aune et al., 2016b). This contrasts with diets high in animal-based foods, particularly red processed meats, which are associated with increased risk for chronic disease (Pan et al., 2012; Chen et al., 2013; Feskens et al., 2013). Other studies indicate that plant-based diets have a reduced carbon footprint compared to diets high in animal-derived foods. A 2017 analysis showed that consumption and production of fruits, vegetables, and grains have lower impacts on global warming via decreased greenhouse gas emissions compared to red meat (Clune et al., 2017). This supports a 2017 study assessing environmental impacts of agricultural production systems and food choice, which showed that animal-derived foods have a negative environmental impact compared to plant-based foods (Clark and Tilman, 2017). Other reports show clear links between dietary patterns and environmental impacts, with plant-based diets having considerably reduced impacts compared to those that include meat (US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services, 2000; Hallström et al., 2015; Aleksandrowicz et al., 2016; Nelson et al., 2016).

The parallel benefits of plant-based diets for human and environmental health may influence future dietary recommendations, as shown by the EAT-Lancet report (Willett et al., 2019). The report recommends a diet low in animal-derived foods like red meat and dairy and encourages increased vegetable, fruit, legume, and whole grain consumption (Willett et al., 2019). This is similar to the DASH and Mediterranean diets, which purportedly have lower environmental impacts compared to Western diets (Nelson et al., 2016). While this diet would likely improve human health and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, some question its one-size-fits-all nature. The WHO withdrew support due to questions around the feasibility and cultural suitability of the diet¹. The cultural significance of food and agriculture is largely absent from the report. Future iterations might benefit by incorporating inclusive, socio-cultural perspectives. Despite these limitations, EAT-Lancet provides evidence-driven insight into the influence of sustainable diets and sets goals for food systems professionals.

Developing foods and diets that sustain planetary and human health requires multiple disciplinary, systems approaches that account for nutrition, food science, agriculture, ecology, economics, policy, and socio-cultural factors (Barbier and Burgess, 2017; Tu et al., 2019). Systems approaches are becoming critical in addressing complex societal issues like obesity (Huang et al., 2009) and conservation agriculture policy (Ribeiro et al., 2016). However, these approaches are often difficult to conceive and coordinate due to their large size and broad scope. Land grant universities could play a critical role in implementing and training the next generation of professionals to use these approaches.

Part 2 – The Role of Land Grant Universities in Developing Nutrition Sensitive Food Systems

Land grant universities can play a leading role in using food systems frameworks to assess the agronomic, economic, public health, and sociocultural aspects of sustainable diets. For example, in cooperation with on-campus faculty and outreach centers, agricultural experiment stations can research the ecological implications of planting crops that support recommended dietary patterns. Concomitant applied economic studies can evaluate the economic feasibility of agricultural changes (Boland et al., 2016). From a community perspective, university-led studies might assess public health and socio-economic impacts of populations adapting to sustainable dietary guidance. University extension programs may assess cultural appropriateness of dietary recommendations (Hassel, 2014; Hassel et al., 2019). Overall, these data might help food systems actors create comprehensive, holistic strategies to develop sustainable, healthful, economically feasible food systems.

There are barriers to enacting this type of approach. Despite the interlinked nature of our food system, academic research and training remains largely siloed. Research activities occur in a segmented, disciplinarily isolated manner, and institutional practices may directly inhibit the ability to cross disciplinary boundaries (Choi and Pak, 2007). Other institutional factors, like the tenure process and faculty recognition, are often predicated on single disciplinary approaches, which make it difficult to collaborate outside of a discipline (Weaver, 2008). Food systems approaches require researchers and partners to overcome this traditional paradigm, perhaps by structuring institutional processes to offer merit for multiple disciplinary, systems approaches, particularly for young faculty.

Translating university research to practical application in community settings can be difficult. The complexity of health issues in diverse communities can hinder traditional research approaches (Minkler, 2005; Graham et al., 2006). These approaches are often limited by a lack of consideration for diverse sociocultural perspectives, which can reduce community acceptance (Hassel, 2014; Hassel et al., 2019). Community-based participatory action research (CBPAR), which integrates community stakeholders into project design and execution, may improve translation of research to practical application (Wallerstein and Duran, 2010). These approaches are reciprocal in nature and allow communities to take agency in driving research initiatives, which may improve outcomes compared to traditional interventions.

Other sectors adapting systems models may provide examples for the food sector. For instance, like the food system, healthcare is non-linear, dynamic, and unpredictable (Lipsitz, 2012). As a result, the medical sector has implemented systems models for research and training (Choi and Pak, 2006, 2007; Weaver, 2008). Some models emphasize multiple-disciplinary training and research, systems thinking, cross-cultural engagement, and professional skill (e.g., communication, collaboration, critical thinking, leadership, etc.) development (Sehgal et al., 2008; Stroud et al., 2017). The medical sector has also implemented CBPAR approaches to address health disparities in at-risk communities (Wallerstein and Duran, 2006; Campbell, 2010). Some STEM fields also integrate systems thinking into training programs (Fowler et al., 2019). Training the next generation in these approaches may improve land grant universities' impacts on food systems. Despite these challenges and limitations, many universities are pursuing integrative research and training approaches, with some highlighting the need for a future workforce of food systems analysts (Ingram et al., 2020). Therefore, it is important to contextualize and describe local food systems efforts. The University has a potential role to engage with local groups to develop more nutrition-sensitive food systems.

Part 3 – Local Context - Minnesota Food Security: Supply Chain Firms and Influencers

Agriculture and food production are critical to the Minnesota economy. In 2019, Minnesota agricultural production was valued at over $17 billion, making it the 5th largest agricultural state (Ye, 2019). Minnesota also hosts the headquarters of many multinational food companies, including General Mills, Cargill, Supervalu, Land O'Lakes, and Hormel (Table 1)². The state also boasts many small to medium size food and beverage companies.

TABLE 1

Table 1. Recommendation of value chain actors, influencers, and roles in Minnesota.

Despite a thriving agriculture and food sector, many Minnesotans remain food insecure. According to a 2016 study, Minnesota is 7th worst in the nation for access to healthful foods (Rausch et al., 2016). Food security impacts nearly 10% of Minnesota families due to many contributing factors including income, transportation, and difficulty to access benefits, like Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program and the Women Infant and Children program (Minnesota Department of Health, 2019a,b; Minnesota Department of Health, 2019a; Minnesota Department of Health, 2019b). Access to nutritional foods is largely tied to socioeconomic status. In 2017, the Center for Disease Control found that prevalence of obesity increased in US adults as income and education levels decreased (Ogden et al., 2017). This may be due to the decreased costs associated with energy dense, high sugar foods compared to nutrient-rich foods (Andrieu et al., 2006; Monsivais and Drewnowsky, 2010). Disproportionate access to high-calorie, low-nutrient-dense foods may contribute to prevalence of obesity in Minnesota. Over 60% of Minnesota adults are overweight, and 30% are obese, resulting in $3 billion in healthcare expenditure (Minnesota Department of Health, 2019b).

Food supply chains determine critical factors that influence diet and food choice, including price, availability, convenience, and safety. Supply chains include all actors and processes from production to consumption. As raw materials flow through the chain, key steps add value to the product, which gives rise to the term “value chain” (Figure 1). While the traditional value chain concept focuses solely on economic value, there is burgeoning interest in the concept of nutrition sensitive value chains (NSVCs) (FAO., 2017a,b; Uccello et al., 2017)³. These aim to enhance supply and demand for nutritious foods while sustainably adding nutritional value at critical chain stages (FAO., 2017b). This framework examines links between nutrition issues in target populations and constraints in supply and demand for foods that may address these problems (de la Peña and Garrett, 2018). Ultimately, NSVCs deployed at the local level improve availability, affordability, quality, and acceptability of nutritious food.

FIGURE 1

Figure 1. Value chain example gives an overview of a hypothetical agricultural value chain.

Many initiatives throughout Minnesota aim to improve access to healthful, sustainable, affordable foods, and these efforts could align with a NSVC framework. For example, the Minnesota Food Charter, developed by multi-disciplinary, multi-sector food leaders launched in 2014 to provide a roadmap to guide policymakers and community leaders in providing Minnesotans with access to safe, equitable, affordable, healthful foods⁴. The Charter also formed a network connecting key players working in food equity and sustainability like Second Harvest Heartland, the Good Acre, and the Regional Sustainable Development Partnerships (RSDP).

Second Harvest Heartland and The Good Acre improve access to healthful foods and strengthen local agriculture in the Twin Cities through community partnerships. Second Harvest Heartland recovers food throughout the supply chain, which it then distributes to food pantries and other community partners throughout Minneapolis and St. Paul⁵. They also house a hydroponic farm that facilitates hands-on participation in sustainable farming while supplying fresh produce year-round⁶. The Good Acre, a food hub in Falcon Heights, connects farmers, producers, and communities throughout the local food system. They operate a wholesale program that provides schools with fresh produce and implement culinary and agriculture programs to ensure the integrity and safety of agricultural products^7,8.

Several initiatives connect and reconnect indigenous cultures to the food system. The Seeds of Native Health Campaign for Indigenous Nutrition, led by the Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community, works to restore food sovereignty for Minnesota indigenous communities. The Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community hosts an annual Conference on Native American Nutrition, which convenes tribal officials, researchers, practitioners and others to discuss indigenous and academic knowledge regarding Native health and food⁹. Dream of Wild Health is another group reconnecting indigenous communities with their cultural roots through food via youth programs, CSAs, food demonstrations, a 10-acre farm, and a community garden¹⁰.

The RSDP is an Extension program aiming to improve agricultural sustainability while developing markets for local products¹¹. The group coordinates with programs like the Forever Green Initiative (FGI), which works to improve biodiversity and regenerative agriculture by incorporating new crops in conventional crop rotations (jewet006, 2016). The RSDP also works with groups facilitating entrepreneurial projects, like Grow North MN¹². Each of these initiatives could be leveraged to develop NSVCs.

Part 4 – Nutrition Sensitive Value Chains: an Opportunity for Improved Health

Developing sustainable NSVCs could provide more Minnesotans with access to foods that support human and environmental health. NSVCs provide a framework to improve nutrition in Minnesota by connecting, coordinating, and supporting groups working on agriculture, food, and health. The University of Minnesota interfaces with upstream and downstream value chain actors as well as other value chain influences (Figure 2). Thus, it can play a key role in facilitating NSVCs.

FIGURE 2

Figure 2. Relationship between value chain actors and the University of Minnesota shows the reciprocal relationships between universities and value chain actors and influencers.

The University of Minnesota houses many departments and research platforms that train the next generation of value chain actors. These departments can conduct research on individual parts of the value chain in a systemic and coordinated manner, as illustrated in Figure 3. For example, the Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics plays a key role in improving crops and developing sustainable farming practices. The Department of Bioproducts and Bio Systems Engineering develops methods for processing raw materials into food ingredients. The Department of Food Science and Nutrition evaluates end-use, sensory and nutritional qualities, and safety of raw materials and finished products. The Department of Applied Economics and the Carlson School of Business evaluate the production and supply chain economics. The School of Public Health can evaluate the broader health implications of production and consumption while the Institute on the Environment can assess sustainability impacts. Taken together, these departments represent nearly the entire field-to-consumer continuum, and they can collaborate with local groups to develop NSVCs.

FIGURE 3

Figure 3. University of Minnesota departments in relation to the value chain shows how several University of Minnesota departments could interact with the value chain.

The University of Minnesota is well-positioned to engage local groups working on individual parts of the value chain, which could improve food systems through enhanced coordination and collaboration. For example, RSDP, Grow North MN, and FGI develop new crop enterprises and cultivate local food entrepreneurship. These groups may benefit from coordinating with groups that work downstream in the value chain like Second Harvest and the Good Acre, who traditionally focus on supplying foods to citizens. Agricultural training offered through the Good Acre and Second Harvest may benefit from the networks and knowledge systems offered through FGI, RSDP, and Grow North MN. Bridging these groups clearly aligns with the mission of university extension programs by offering training opportunities to local communities. These relationships can advance mutual research goals for many value chain actors. Table 2 highlights potential collaborative relationships between value chain stakeholders and University of Minnesota Departments.

TABLE 2

Table 2. Recommendation of potential collaborations between Value chain actors and influencers, and the University of Minnesota.

Given the industry and cooperative presence in Minnesota, there are ample opportunities to connect mid-stream actors (e.g., processing, storage, and logistics) to upstream (e.g., FGI, RSDP) and downstream (e.g., Good Acre, Second Harvest) entities, along with university departments (Table 2). Currently, few nutrition-focused efforts engage this tier of the value chain, yet it plays a major role in influencing consumption (Stuckler and Nestle, 2012; Willett et al., 2019). Efforts occurring at this part of the value chain could provide an impactful new opportunity for university engagement.

Empowering community members to take leading roles in developing NSVCs is imperative to ensure key issues are prioritized and solutions are culturally appropriate (Uccello et al., 2017). Creating safe environments for community groups (e.g., Dream of Wild Health) to equitably collaborate with other firms interested in developing NSVCs (e.g., FGI, RSDP, Good Acre, and Second Harvest) could yield unprecedented nutrition outcomes. These engagements could be brokered through CBPAR models, whereby community stakeholders identify critical health issues and collaborate with university and supply chain stakeholders to develop NSVCs that address these problems. Land grant universities offer a mechanism to align and unite across sectors and disciplines to sustainably develop NSVCs while fulfilling their land grant mission. This integrative approach can improve the relevancy and impact of the nutrition discipline while creating more sustainable, healthful, equitable, economically resilient food systems.

Conclusion

Food and agriculture professionals must provide the growing population healthful diets that support resilient food systems. Global initiatives provide goals and recommendations for more sustainable diets and food production (FAO., 2017a; Willett et al., 2019). Developing sustainable NSVCs could achieve these goals (FAO., 2017b; Uccello et al., 2017; de la Peña and Garrett, 2018). Land grant universities can play a key role in assisting local efforts to develop NSVCs to ensure food security while fulfilling their mission of research, outreach, and education. Actively participating in systems approaches is crucial for this process. The medical sector and STEM fields provide models for integrating systems approaches into research and training (Choi and Pak, 2006, 2007; Stroud et al., 2017; Fowler et al., 2019). Institutional processes that disincentivize multiple-disciplinary collaborations must be overcome to facilitate systems approaches. Perhaps adjusting these processes to emphasize more multiple disciplinary, systems-based work could stimulate food systems approaches and improve health and environmental outcomes. Creating processes for local communities to actively participate in the development of NSVCs is crucial. Building reciprocal relationships through CBPAR can help to integrate communities into this process. Given its strong ties to local food systems and global food producers along with its diverse institutional expertise, the University of Minnesota is well-positioned to play a key role in developing models and frameworks supporting the development of NSVCs. This integrative, systematic process can improve the efficacy of nutrition research by intimately engaging across the supply chain, thus effectively translating research into practical application. Coordinated, systems-approaches, rather than reductionist, single disciplinary approaches, are essential to address the complex challenges throughout 21st century food systems. Universities, industry, and policy makers can strive together to incentivize these systemic processes, through shared value and common purpose to ensure the persistence of human and planetary health.

Author Contributions

KR and LM conceived the idea for the manuscript. KR wrote the manuscript, and both authors edited and expanded the manuscript.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Footnotes

1. ^WHO Withdraws Endorsement of EAT-Lancet Diet. Nutritioninsight.com/ (2019). Available online at: https://ni.cnsmedia.com/a/HBn6DJkUnv4= (accessed July 6, 2019).

2. ^Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development. Minnesota's food and beverage industries. p. 2.

3. ^Identifying Opportunities For Nutrition-Sensitive Value-Chain Interventions. IFPRI. Available online at: http://www.ifpri.org/blog/identifying-opportunities-nutrition-sensitive-value-chain-interventions. (accessed March 17, 2019).

4. ^What is the Minnesota Food Charter? Available online at: http://mnfoodcharter.com/the-charter/what-is-the-minnesota-food-charter/ (accessed July 6, 2019).

5. ^About Us | Second Harvest Heartland. Available online at: http://www.2harvest.org/about_us/ (accessed July 7, 2019).

6. ^Our Farm | Second Harvest Heartland. Available online at: http://www.2harvest.org/who–how-we-help/services-and-programs/programs/ourfarm.html (accessed July 7, 2019).

7. ^The Good Acre Annual Report. Falcon Heights: The Good Acre. p. 1–14.

8. ^Who We Are. The Good Acre. Available Online at: https://thegoodacre.org/who-we-are/ (accessed July 7, 2019).

9. ^2019 Native nutrition conference. Seeds of Native Health. Available online at: https://seedsofnativehealth.org/conference/ (accessed July 7, 2019).

10. ^Programs. Dream of Wild Health. Available online at: https://dreamofwildhealth.org/programs (accessed July 8, 2019).

11. ^RSDP projects | UMN Extension. Available online at: https://extension.umn.edu/regional-partnerships/rsdp-projects. (accessed July 14, 2019).

12. ^Resource Navigator Database. (Grow North, MN). Available online at: https://carlsonschool.umn.edu/grownorth/about/ourmission. (accessed July 8, 2019).

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