MINI REVIEW article
Front. Astron. Space Sci.
Sec. Extragalactic Astronomy
Little Red Dots: The Assembly of Early Supermassive Black Holes in the JWST Era
Provisionally accepted
- 1Independent, Cherry Hill, United States
- 2Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, United States
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Since the launch of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) in late 2021, our understanding of high-redshift objects has faced several upheavals. JWST has discovered much more massive galaxies and supermassive black holes (SMBH) than cosmological models had expected. Furthermore, JWST observations have revealed an entirely novel population of high-redshift objects. Characterized by a dominant red rest-frame optical continuum and point-like morphology, these "little red dots" (LRD) have set off a flurry of observational and theoretical follow-up. The current identity of LRD is highly debated, yet falling into two main scenarios: active galactic nuclei (i.e., SMBH) or compact star-forming regions. If star-forming, LRD would represent the highest stellar densities ever observed. If SMBH, their high Eddington fractions, and already high masses, help elucidate the growth of the most massive SMBH found by JWST in the early Universe (z ≳4). In this mini-review, we present the observational evidence accumulated to date, including sub-millimeter probes of LRD dust masses, constraints on radio and X-ray emission from stacking, and rest-frame ultraviolet and optical measurements provided by JWST. Furthermore, we highlight how identifying additional LRD that are truly primarily SMBH-driven may help to shed light on the formation of 'overly massive' SMBH discovered by JWST within the first billion years since the Big Bang.
Keywords: AGN, Direct CollapseBlack Holes, JWST, Little Red Dots, Primordial black holes, Super-Eddington Accretion, Supermassive black holes, Supermassive stars
Received: 31 Dec 2025; Accepted: 05 Feb 2026.
Copyright: © 2026 Vaida and Farber. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: David Vaida
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