Introduction
Airspace has been recognized as habitat for at least a decade (Diehl, 2013). However, the ecology of airspace has generally been defined with respect to airborne lifeforms such as birds and insects (e.g., ). Humans are as much creatures of the air as lifeforms that walk the ocean floor are creatures of the sea. Yet, little is understood about the full scope of human interaction with the airspace, much of which is normally invisible and intangible. Topics relating to human aeroecology have long remained isolated at the periphery of many disparate fields. For example, humans interact biophysically with the air in obvious ways, as through breathing and heat loss, but also through releasing particulates (shed skin cells and clothing fibers) and inhaling and releasing airborne organisms (viruses, some bacteria, and body-dwelling insects) and allergens. Humans interact with other humans through the air by speaking and through transfer of volatiles (perfumes, body odor and pheromones). These chemical interactions can be strong and person-to-person over short distances, or weaker and affecting larger numbers of people over room-scale distances.
The importance of airborne cross-infection in the COVID-19 pandemic spurred much investment into research on human airspaces, and in response many researchers began pushing across divides between traditional disciplines involved in understanding the complex relationships between humans and the airspaces we live in and share. Partly as a result of this cross-pollination, a new interdisciplinary field is emerging, which we here call Human Aeroecology. Articulating the bounds of this field will, in our opinion, provide a conceptual framework enabling the development of new research questions and identification of common ground and connections between previously disconnected areas of study.
The portion of the aeroecology that humans normally occupy, or perihuman environment (Licina et al., 2017), is equivalent to the benthic zone in marine ecology terms. Of the vast aeroecological habitat of the troposphere, this human-adjacent benthosphere is shared with countless other terrestrial and airborne organisms whose functions and relations in this zone extend beyond the scope of the present paper, but unquestionably demand attention. Within this sphere, human aeroecology conceptually addresses not just interactions with the air proper, but also aspects of the air as a medium and as a living space, including (but not limited to) areas typically associated with human acoustic ecology (Wrightson, 2000; Paine, 2017), visual ecology (), and combined sensory ecology (La Malva et al., 2015). We hope the present work can begin to shape a more convergent dialogue around this vital area, enabling the creation of human airscapes that reflect a deeper understanding of human health, communication, and human experience within our aeroecology.
Here we identify five broad areas within human aeroecology that researchers have developed over the past years, and which we argue would benefit from focused collaboration. These include but are not limited to: Airscape Design; Air Quality for Comfort, Health, Education and Productivity (Air Quality for CHEaP); Shared Airspaces for Social Connection; Auditory, Aerotactile, Olfactory, and Visual Communication; and Pathogen Transmission, as seen in Figure 1.
Figure 1
Some areas of inquiry in human aeroecology
Airscape design
Indoor and outdoor air quality is essential in human aeroecology. There is active work in the use of transportation (Guo et al., 2020), placement of parks and water (Qui and Jia, 2020), landscaping (), phytoremediation (Pilon-Smits, 2005), outdoor air systems (Mumma, 2001), and roofing (Vijayaraghavan, 2016) to control outdoor heat, humidity, CO2, volatiles, and particulates.
Focusing on one source of particulates: At the room or outdoor BBQ/storefront level, cooking produces typically pleasant social signals (), is used as a lure for social and commercial interaction (Morrin, 2011), yet is a sign of hazard when something is burning due to smoke.
Outdoor air control, exchange of outdoor and indoor air, outdoor (Luo et al., 2021) and indoor humidity control (), indoor ventilation (), heating and cooling (), oxygen production and CO2 removal () are studied to control indoor atmosphere, pathogens (), and mold (). Airscape design also includes intentional design of soundscape factors, which are known to affect well-being (Medvedev et al., 2015). Done well, good airscape design facilitates Air Quality for CHEaP.
Air quality for comfort, health, education, and productivity
Indoor air quality for CHEaP involves creating indoor environments that facilitate comfortable temperatures and air circulation, limit pathogen spread, facilitate effective communication, and nurture social and work-supporting connections. Design methods include controlling ventilation, insulation (Kumar et al., 2020), and airflow control to facilitate comfort (Tham, 2016), reduce noise (see De Salis et al., 2002), control odor (see Matson and Sherman, 2004), and mitigate pathogen spread through effective air supply (Pantelic and Tham, 2013). Both the ventilation flow rate and the direction of flow are important. Improving indoor air quality in this way promotes comfort (Ma et al., 2021), health (), productivity (Wyon, 2004), and learning (Pulimeno et al., 2020; Sadrizadeh et al., 2022). In the sensory space, noise pollution also negatively impacts learning (Klatte et al., 2013), and good aromas enhance a mild sense of calm (). We argue that a holistic design approach including all of these factors is essential for creating airscapes that promote Social Connection and Development.
Shared airspaces for social connection
While we know how important it is to make airspace comfortable and safe, we are in the early days of understanding how being in a shared airspace facilitates social connection and development. New research into brain activity (Zhao et al., 2023) shows the importance of in-person interactions. Shared airspaces must be well-lit (Montoya et al., 2017), have good acoustics (Reinten et al., 2017), have good air quality (Wargocki et al., 2020) and facilitate airflow () to facilitate human comfort (see Melikov, 2015), learning (Wargocki et al., 2020), and largely unstudied connections to community and social interaction.
As an example, even pleasant particulate matter emitted from cooking can be harmful to cooks (Torkmahalleh et al., 2017), particularly if the cooking temperature is too high for the oil used, or the cooking fuel burns inefficiently. These aerosols can increase “acute pulmonary illness, asthma, cardiovascular disease, and lung cancer” amongst those doing the cooking (Lachowicz et al., 2023). Cooking aerosols are also a significant portion of nearby outdoor particulate matter (). Ventilation, lower emission fuels, careful cooking, and even the instruments that are part of Internet of Things (Pantelic et al., 2023), can be used to mitigate these risks, in a manner that recognizes that there are many costs and benefits to the effects of cooking on shared airspaces.
The “personal cloud” in human-adjacent airspaces simultaneously facilitates deleterious volatile particle inhalation (Licina et al., 2017; Pantelic et al., 2020) and useful olfactory communication (Roberts et al., 2020), so it must be carefully managed. We argue that this is perhaps the least studied of the five broad categories of human aeroecology we list here, and improved understanding of shared airspaces has the potential to produce massive social benefits to humanity due to the impacts on Auditory, Aerotactile, Olfactory, and Visual Communication.
Auditory, aerotactile, olfactory, and visual communication
Shared aeroecology is especially important for human communication and interaction. In addition to the airspace providing the medium of spoken and visual communication, subtle information from speech airflow affects auditory speech perception (; Gick and Derrick, 2009), interacting with visual and auditory information (Keough et al., 2018; Derrick et al., 2019b). While we have seen limitations in the effect of airflow on speech (Derrick, et al., 2019c; Hansmann et al., 2023), we know that speech airflow itself conveys speech information that adds to auditory and visual speech (; Derrick et al., 2019b), and interacts with speech perception along the autism spectrum (Derrick et al., 2019a). The airflow also contributes heat (Derrick et al., 2022) and communicative smells (; Roberts et al., 2020). Given that face masks limit (; Derrick et al., 2022), and distance meetings eliminate these communicative advantages, sometimes leading to subjective sense of fatigue (Ribeiro et al., 2022; Nesher Shoshan and Wehrt, 2022), the study of Airscape Design, Air Quality for CHEaP, and Shared Airspaces for Social Connection all provide many of the most useful tools to help control Pathogen Transmission.
Pathogen transmission
Breathing, talking (Derrick et al., 2022), singing (), coughing (Li et al., 2021), and medical therapies (Jermy et al., 2021) all move air and can spread pathogens and allergens (Levetin et al., 2023). We know that, in increasing efficacy, surgical masks, respirators () and especially Tyvek suits can reduce pathogen transmission, and have long been a part of hospital protocol in high-pathogen environments. However, face masks cover the face, block some heat transfer and most speech airflow (Derrick et al., 2022), and muffle speech (Magee et al., 2020). Because of this, effective personal protective equipment impedes good communication (Toscano and Toscano, 2021), and contributes other largely under-appreciated stresses to the users ().
Therefore, a human ecology approach has long been proposed for studying the costs and benefits of interventions in airborne pathogen transmission (e.g., Wells, 1955; Yan et al., 2018). Specific findings (Yan et al., 2018) indicate the need for careful and nuanced consideration of patient access based on the interaction of pathogen transmission and pathogen breakthrough (infection after vaccination). Overall, recent findings on airborne transmission (reviewed by Stevenson et al., 2023), underscore the benefits of an interdisciplinary approach to understanding pathogen dissemination within shared spaces, with implications for infection control and public health. The best protocols often lead back to control of Airscape Design and Air Quality for CHEaP.
Research methods in human aeroecology
These interconnected fields of research incorporate an astonishing array of methodologies, which include but are not limited to: indoor and outdoor environmental modeling (Freijer and Bloemen, 2000); behavioral studies (); EEG for neural responses to indoor and outdoor environments (Shan et al., 2019); modeling and simulation of gas and particulate transport (CFD) (Mohamadi and Fazeli, 2022; Tan et al., 2022; Zong et al., 2022); measurement of air, heat, trace species, and particulate flow with schlieren (Sun et al., 2021); particle samplers (Wang et al., 2020); study of colony forming units for pathogens (e.g., Lykov et al., 2020); DNA analysis of airborne microorganisms (Grinshpun et al., 2015); and volatile compound samplers (Ras et al., 2009). Therefore the technical span of human aeroecology matches the disciplinary span, supporting the need for a conceptual connection across these multivariate fields of research.
Conclusion
Human aeroecology is emerging as a transformative interdisciplinary field, integrating knowledge spanning many traditional disciplines. The need for a more clearly articulated paradigm for this field has been underscored by the recent pandemic, and demands a holistic approach to studying and shaping the spaces we collectively inhabit. We recommend: 1) Attaching keywords to research so that topics in human aeroecology are easier to identify; 2) Intentional wide-ranging research collaboration in human aeroecology; 3) Conferences and conference sessions on human aeroecology; and 4) Documentation and communication of the benefits of careful human aeroecology in urban and building design.
Statements
Author contributions
DD: Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. BG: Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. MJ: Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing.
Funding
The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Marsden fund grant 21-UOC-046 “Multi-sensory speech perception and syllable structure” DD (PI), MJ (AI), BG (AI) MBIE Covid-19 Research grant CIAF-160 UOCX2004 “Infection risk model of airborne transmission to facilitate decisions about PPE, ventilation, and isolation in shared indoor spaces” MJ (UC), DD (UC), Dr. Guy Coulson (NIWA).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
References
1
AbdullahiK. L.Delgado-SaboritJ. M.HarrisonR. M. (2013). Emissions and indoor concentrations of particulate matter and its specific chemical components from cooking: A review. Atmos. Environ.71, 260–294. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.01.061
2
AckleyA.LongleyI.ChenJ.MacKenzieS.SutherlandA.JermyM.et al. (2022). The Effectiveness of Natural Ventilation: A case study of a typical New Zealand classroom with simulated occupancy. New Zealand Ministry of Education (Wellington, New Zealand: Te Herenga Waka-Victoria University of Wellington).
3
Acosta-AcostaD. F.El-RayesK. (2020). Optimal design of classroom spaces in naturally-ventilated buildings to maximize occupant satisfaction with human bioeffluents/body odor levels. Build. Environ.169, 106543. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106543
4
AlsvedM.MatamisA.BohlinR.RichterM.BengtssonP.-E.FraenkelC.-J.et al. (2020). Exhaled respiratory particles during singing and talking. Aerosol Sci. Technol.54, 1245–1248. doi: 10.1080/02786826.2020.1812502
5
AtherD.RashevskiyN.ParyginD.GurtyakovA.KaterininaS. (2022) in Intelligent Assessment of the Visual Ecology of the Urban Environment. 2nd International Conference on Technological Advancements in Computational Sciences (ICTACS), Tashkent, Uzbekistan. 361–366. doi: 10.1109/ICTACS56270.2022.9988692
6
AtkinsonJ. (2009). Natural ventilation for infection control in health-care settings. World Health Organization.
7
AzumaK.KagiN.YanagiU.OsawaH. (2018). Effects of low-level inhalation exposure to carbon dioxide in indoor environments: A short review on human health and psychomotor performance. Environ. Int.121, 51–56. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.059
8
BarnesB. R. (2014). Behavioural change, indoor air pollution and child respiratory health in developing countries: a review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health11, 4607–4618. doi: 10.3390/ijerph110504607
9
BaughmanA.ArensE. A. (1996). Indoor humidity and human health–Part I: Literature review of health effects of humidity-influenced indoor pollutants (Berkeley: Center for Build Environment).
10
BicevskisK.DerrickD.GickB. (2016). Visual-tactile integration in speech perception: Evidence for modality neutral speech primitives. J. Acoust. Soc. America140, 3531–3539. doi: 10.1121/1.4965968
11
BordigaM.NolletL. M. L. (2019). Food aroma evolution: during food processing, cooking, and aging (Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press). doi: 10.1201/9780429441837
12
CampagneD. M. (2021). The problem with communication stress from face masks. J. Affect. Disord. Rep.3, 100069. doi: 10.1016/j.jadr.2020.100069
13
CaoG.AwbiH.YaoR.FanY.SirenK.KosonenR.et al. (2014). A review of the performance of different ventilation and airflow distribution systems in buildings. Build. Environ.73, 171–186. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.12.009
14
Centers for Disease Control. (2023). Mold, Testing, and Prevention (Atlanta, Georgia, USA: Lastchecked). Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/indoorenv/whatismold.html.
15
ChenJ.AckleyA.MacKenzieS.LongleyI.SomervellE.PlagmannM.et al. (2022). Classroom Ventilation: The Effectiveness of Preheating and Refresh Breaks: An analysis of 169 spaces at 43 schools across New Zealand. New Zealand Ministry of Education (Wellington, New Zealand: Te Herenga Waka-Victoria University of Wellington).
16
ChilsonP. B.FrickW. F.KellyJ. F.LiechtiF., (Eds.) (2017). Aeroecology (Berlin: Springer). doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-68576-2
17
CincinelliA.MartelliniT. (2017). Indoor air quality and health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health33, 4535–4564. doi: 10.3390/ijerph14111286
18
CollinsA. P.ServiceB. C.GuptaS.MubarakN.ZeiniI. M.OsbahrD. C.et al. (2021). N95 respirator and surgical mask effectiveness against respiratory viral illnesses in the healthcare setting: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Am. Coll. Emergency Physicians Open2, e12582. doi: 10.1002/emp2.12582
19
ConnorsJ. P.GalettiC. S.ChowW. T. L. (2013). Landscape configuration and urban heat island effects: Assessing the relationship between landscape characteristics and land surface temperature in Phoenix, Arizona. Landscape Ecol.28, 271–283. doi: 10.1007/s10980-012-9833-1
20
CookeB.ErnstE. (2000). Aromatherapy: a systematic review. R. Coll. Gen. Pract.50, 493–496.
21
DerrickD.AndersonP.GickB.GreenS. (2009). Characteristics of air puffs produced in English ‘pa’: Experiments and simulations. J. Acoust. Soc. America125, 2272–2281. doi: 10.1121/1.3081496
22
DerrickD.BicevskisK.GickB. (2019a). Visual-tactile speech perception and the autism quotient. Front. Commun.3. doi: 10.3389/fcomm.2018.00061
23
DerrickD.HansmannD.TheysC. (2019b). Tri-modal speech: Audio-visual-tactile integration in speech perception. J. Acoust. Soc. America146, 3495–3504. doi: 10.1121/1.5134064
24
DerrickD.KabaliukN.LongworthL.Pishyar-DehkordiP.JermyM. (2022). Speech air flow with and without face masks. Sci. Rep.12, 1–10. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-04745-z
25
DerrickD.MadappallimattamJ.TheysC. (2019c). Aero-tactile integration during speech perception: Effect of response and stimulus characteristics on syllable identification. J. Acoust. Soc. America146, 1605–1614. doi: 10.1121/1.5125131
26
De SalisM. H. F. I.OldhamD. J.SharplesS. (2002). Noise control strategies for naturally ventilated buildings. Build. Environ.37, 471–484. doi: 10.1016/S0360-1323(01)00047-6
27
DiehlR. H. (2013). The airspace is habitat. Trends Ecol. Evol.28, 377–379. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2013.02.015
28
FreijerJ. I.BloemenH. (2000). Modeling relationships between indoor and outdoor air quality. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc.50, 292–300. doi: 10.1080/10473289.2000.10464007
29
GickB.DerrickD. (2009). Aero-tactile integration in speech perception. Nature462, 502–504. doi: 10.1038/nature08572
30
GrinshpunS. A.ButtnerM. P.MainelisG.WillekeK. (2015). “Sampling for airborne microorganisms,” in Manual of Environmental Microbiology, Fourth Edition. Eds. YatesM. V.NakatsuC. H.MillerR. V.PillaiS. D. (John Wiley and Sons). doi: 10.1128/9781555818821.ch3.2.2
31
GuoY.ZhangQ.LaiK. K.ZhangY.WangS.ZhangW. (2020). The impact of urban transportation infrastructure on air quality. Sustainability12, 5626. doi: 10.3390/su12145626
32
HansmannD.DerrickD.TheysC. (2023). Hearing, seeing, and feeling speech: the neurophysiological correlates of trimodal speech perception. Front. Hum. Neurosci.: Speech Language17. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1225976
33
JermyM. C.SpenceC. J. T.KirtonR.O’DonnellJ. F.KabaliukN.GawS.et al. (2021). Assessment of dispersion of airborne particles of oral/nasal fluid by high flow nasal cannula therapy. PloS One16, e0246123. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246123
34
KeoughM.DerrickD.GickB. (2018). Cross-modal effects on speech perception. Annu. Rev. Linguistics10, 1–18. doi: 10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011718-012353
35
KlatteM.BergströmK.LachmannT. (2013). Does noise affect learning? A short review on noise effects on cognitive performance in children. Front. Psychol.4. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00578
36
KumarD.AlamM.ZouP. X. W.SanjayanJ. G.MemonR. A. (2020). Comparative analysis of building insulation material properties and performance. Renewable Sustain. Energy Rev.131, 110038. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110038
37
LachowiczJ. I.MiliaS.JaremkoM.OddoneE.CannizzaroE.CirrincioneL.et al. (2023). Cooking particulate matter: A systematic review on nanoparticle exposure in the indoor cooking environment. Atmosphere14, 12. doi: 10.3390/atmos14010012
38
La MalvaF.VersoV. R. M. L.AstolfiA. (2015). Livingscape: a multi-sensory approach to improve the quality of urban spaces. Energy Procedia78, 37–42. doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.111
39
LevetinE.McLoudJ. D.PitynP.RorieA. C. (2023). Air sampling and analysis of aeroallergens: current and future approaches. Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep.23, 223–236. doi: 10.1007/s11882-023-01073-2
40
LiH.LeongF. Y.XuG.Kang.C. W.LimK. H.TanB. H.et al. (2021). Airborne dispersion of droplets during coughing: A physical model of viral transmission. Sci. Rep.11, 4617. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-84245-2
41
LicinaD.TianY.NazaroffW. W. (2017). Emission rates and the personal cloud effect associated with particle release from the perihuman environment. Indoor Air.27, 791–802. doi: 10.1111/ina.2017.27.issue-4
42
LuoM.HongY.PantelicJ. (2021). Determining building natural ventilation potential via IoT-based air quality sensors. Front. Environ. Sci.9. doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2021.634570
43
LykovN.KusachevaS. A.SafronovaM. E. (2020). Aeroecology of audience with split systems. IOP Conf. Series: Mater. Sci. Eng., 919, 1–5. doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/919/6/062019
44
MaN.AvivD.GuoH.BrahamW. W. (2021). Measuring the right factors: A review of variables and models for thermal comfort and indoor air quality. Renewable Sustain. Energy Rev.135, 110436. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110436
45
MageeM.LewisC.NoffsG.ReeceH.ChanJ.ZagaC. J.et al. (2020). Effects of face masks on acoustic analysis and speech perception: Implications for peri-pandemic protocols. J. Acoust. Soc. America148, 3562–3568. doi: 10.1121/10.0002873
46
MatsonN. E.ShermanM. H. (2004). Why we ventilate our houses - An historical look (Berkeley, California, USA: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory).
47
MedvedevO.ShepherdD.HautusM. J. (2015). The restorative potential of soundscapes: A physiological investigation. Appl. Acoust.96, 20–26. doi: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2015.03.004
48
MelikovA. K. (2015). Human body micro-environment: The benefits of controlling airflow interaction. Build. Environ.91, 70–77. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.04.010
49
MohamadiF.FazeliA. (2022). A review on applications of CFD modeling in COVID-19 pandemic. Arch. Comput. Methods Engineer.29, 3567–3586. doi: 10.1007/s11831-021-09706-3
50
MontoyaF.FranciscoG.Peña-GarcíaA.JuaidiA.Manzano-AgugliaroF. (2017). Indoor lighting techniques: An overview of evolution and new trends for energy saving. Energy Build.140, 50–60. doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.01.028
51
MorrinM. (2011). “Scent marketing: An overview,” in Sensory Marketing (Thames, Oxfordshire, England, UK: Routledge), 75–86.
52
MummaS. A. (2001). Designing dedicated outdoor air systems. ASHRAE J.43, 28–32.
53
Nesher ShoshanH.WehrtW. (2022). Understanding “Zoom fatigue”: A mixed-method approach. Appl. Psychol.71, 827–852. doi: 10.1111/apps.12360
54
PaineG. (2017). Acoustic ecology 2.0. Contemp. Music Rev.36, 171–181. doi: 10.1080/07494467.2017.1395136
55
PantelicJ.Joo SonY.StevenB.LiuQ. (2023). Cooking emission control with IoT sensors and connected air quality interventions for smart and healthy homes: Evaluation of effectiveness and energy consumption. Energy Build.286, 112932. doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.112932
56
PantelicJ.LiuS.PistoreL.LicinaD.VannucciM.SadrizadehM.et al. (2020). Personal CO2 cloud: laboratory measurements of metabolic CO2 inhalation zone concentration and dispersion in a typical office desk setting. J. Exposure Sci. Environ. Epidemiol.30, 308–337. doi: 10.1038/s41370-019-0179-5
57
PantelicJ.ThamK. W. (2013). Adequacy of air change rate as the sole indicator of an air distribution system’s effectiveness to mitigate airborne infectious disease transmission caused by a cough release in the room with overhead mixing ventilation: A case study. HVAC&R Res.19, 947–961. doi: 10.1080/10789669.2013.842447
58
Pilon-SmitsE. (2005). Phytoremediation. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol.56, 15–39. doi: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.56.032604.144214
59
PulimenoM.PiscitelliP.ColazzoS.ColaoA.MianiA. (2020). Indoor air quality at school and students’ performance: Recommendations of the UNESCO Chair on Health Education and Sustainable Development & the Italian Society of Environmental Medicine (SIMA). Health Promotion Perspect.10, 169. doi: 10.34172/hpp.2020.29
60
QuiK.JiaB. (2020). The roles of landscape both inside the park and the surroundings in park cooling effect. Sustain. Cities Society52, 101864. doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2019.101864
61
RasM. R.BorrullF.MarcéR. M. (2009). Sampling and preconcentration techniques for determination of volatile organic compounds in air samples. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem.28, 347–361. doi: 10.1016/j.trac.2008.10.009
62
ReintenJ.Braat-EggenP. E.HornikxM.KortH. S. M.KohlrauschA. (2017). The indoor sound environment and human task performance: A literature review on the role of room acoustics. Build. Environ.123, 315–332. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.07.005
63
RibeiroV. V.Dassie-LeiteA. P.PereiraE. C.SantosA. D. N.MartinsP.IrineuR. A. (2022). Effect of wearing a face mask on vocal self-perception during a pandemic. J. Voice36, 878.e1–878.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.09.006
64
RobertsS. C.HavlíčekJ.SchaalB. (2020). Human olfactory communication: current challenges and future prospects. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B.375, 20190258. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0258
65
SadrizadehS.YaoR.YuanF.AwbiH.BahnflethW.BiY.et al. (2022). Indoor air quality and health in schools: A critical review for developing the roadmap for the future school environment. J. Build. Engineer.57, 104908. doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104908
66
ShanX.YangE. H.ZhouJ.ChangV. W. C. (2019). Neural-signal electroencephalogram (EEG) methods to improve human-building interaction under different indoor air quality. Energy Build.197, 188–195. doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.05.055
67
StevensonA.FreemanJ.JermyM.ChenJ. (2023). Airborne transmission: a new paradigm with major implications for infection control and public health. New Z. Med. J.136(1570):69–77.
68
SunS.LiJ.HanJ. (2021). How human thermal plume influences near-human transport of respiratory droplets and airborne particles: a review. Environ. Chem. Lett.19, 1971–1982. doi: 10.1007/s10311-020-01178-4
69
TanH.WongK. Y.OthmanM. H. D.KekH. Y.WahabR. A.ErnG. K. P.et al. (2022). Current and potential approaches on assessing airflow and particle dispersion in healthcare facilities: a systematic review. Environ. Sci. pollut. Res.29, 80137–80160. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-23407-9
70
ThamK. W. (2016). Indoor air quality and its effects on humans—A review of challenges and developments in the last 30 years. Energy Build.130, 637–650. doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.08.071
71
TorkmahallehM. A.GorjinezhadS.UnluevcekH. S.HopkeP. K. (2017). Review of factors impacting emission/concentration of cooking generated particulate matter. Sci. Total Environ.586, 1046–1056. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.088
72
ToscanoJ. C.ToscanoC. M. (2021). Effects of face masks on speech recognition in multi-talker babble noise. PloS One16, e0246842. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246842
73
VijayaraghavanK. (2016). Green roofs: A critical review on the role of components, benefits. Renewable Sustain. Energy Rev.57, 740–752. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.119
74
WangZ.DelpW. W.SingerB. C. (2020). Performance of low-cost indoor air quality monitors for PM2.5 and PM10 from residential sources. Build. Environ.171, 106654. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106654
75
WargockiP.Porras-SalazarJ. A.Contreras-EspinozaS.BahnflethW. (2020). The relationships between classroom air quality and children’s performance in school. Build. Environ.173, 106749. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106749
76
WellsW. F. (1955). Airborne Contagion and Air Hygiene: An Ecological Study of Droplet Infections (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
77
WrightsonK. (2000). An introduction to acoustic ecology. Soundscape: J. Acoust Ecol.1, 0–13.
78
WyonD. P. (2004). The effects of indoor air quality on performance and productivity. Indoor Air.14, 92–101. doi: 10.1111/ina.2004.14.issue-s7
79
YanJ.GranthamM.PantelicJ.P. de MesquitaJ. B.AlbertB.LiuF.et al. (2018). Infectious virus in exhaled breath of symptomatic seasonal influenza cases from a college community. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.115, 1081–1086. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1716561115
80
ZhaoN.ZhangX.NoahaJ. A.TiedeM.HirschJ. (2023). Separable processes for live “in-person” and live “zoom-like” faces. Imaging Neurosci.1, 1–17. doi: 10.1162/imag_a_00027
81
ZongJ.LiuJ.AiZ.KimM. K. (2022). A review of human thermal plume and its influence on the inhalation exposure to particulate matter. Indoor Built Environ.31, 1758–1774. doi: 10.1177/1420326X221080358
Summary
Keywords
human aeroecology, human airscape ecology, perihuman environment, benthosphere, air quality, multisensory communication, multimodal communication, pathogen transmission
Citation
Derrick D, Gick B and Jermy M (2024) Human aeroecology. Front. Ecol. Evol. 12:1393400. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2024.1393400
Received
29 February 2024
Accepted
02 July 2024
Published
18 July 2024
Volume
12 - 2024
Edited by
Pier Luigi Sacco, University of Studies G. d’Annunzio Chieti and Pescara, Italy
Reviewed by
Jovan Pantelic, KU Leuven, Belgium
Updates
Copyright
© 2024 Derrick, Gick and Jermy.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Donald Derrick, donald.derrick@canterbury.ac.nz
†These authors share first authorship
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.