Developing Nation Perspective

Prof. Anila Jaleel^1*Rashid Aziz²Ghulam Farid¹Muhammad Zahid Bashir¹

• ¹Shalamar Medical and Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan
• ²Technology Sciences Group Inc, Washington, DC, United States

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in education varies significantly across the globe, influenced by factors such as technological infrastructure, economic development, and policy frameworks. In developed nations, AI is increasingly utilized to personalize learning experiences, automate administrative tasks, and enhance educational outcomes. For instance, the global AI in education market was valued at approximately $2.5 billion in 2022 and is projected to reach $6 billion by 2025, reflecting substantial investments in AI-driven educational technologies [1]. In inadequate infrastructure, and a shortage of skilled personnel. Despite these obstacles, AI holds potential to address educational disparities by providing personalized learning and overcoming financial and technological divides. The World Economic Forum highlights AI's capacity to transform education systems globally, emphasizing its role in creating more inclusive and effective learning environments [2].Rapid innovation in digital technology has revolutionized the learning process not only in developed but also in developing countries. Teachers and supervisors now act as facilitators and mentors. While AI has positively impacted medical education-supporting clinical case development, course design, virtual patients, and assistance, it also challenges academic integrity, especially in developing countries [3,4]. Ensuring adherence to ethical codes and principles, such I n r e v i e w I n r e v i e w as honesty, trust, fairness, respect, and responsibility, is increasingly difficult, threatening the credibility of educational institutions and the value of their credentials [5]. The widespread use of about maintaining academic integrity in learning and writing [6]. This presents a significant challenge for educators, who must design higher-order thinking questions and develop fair assessment methods in the digital era. Equally important is teaching students to use tools like education, including generating clinical case studies, acting as virtual test subjects or patients, facilitating research, developing course plans, and providing personalized feedback [7] . However, their integration poses significant challenges, such as plagiarism, misinformation, overreliance, inequity, privacy concerns, and copyright issues. Transitioning medical education from an information-driven model to an AI-driven approach requires addressing these challenges. This study analyzes the opportunities and challenges faced by faculty and students in developing countries and outlines future directions for evidence-based best practices [8].PubMed, Web of Science, Elsevier, and Google Scholar, with keywords such as academic Data extraction was conducted by three independent reviewers, with consensus achieved through discussion to minimize bias. The extracted data was analyzed using NVIVO, which transcribed the information and identified key themes and subthemes.integrity, opportunities, challenges, limitations, AI, ChatGPT, ChatGPT, and language models.ChatGPT by undergraduate and postgraduate students for seeking response to questions through ChatGPT rather using authentic sources like textbooks or journal articles has raised concernsChatGPT constructively in their learning process. ChatGPT offer diverse applications in medicalIn November 2024, we reviewed 30 studies in English language highlighting the use of ChatGPT in developing countries and extracted data from 18 peer reviewed studies that focused on opportunities and challenges related to AI in developing countries. Studies in English language from year 2023 and 2024 were included while those in language other than English and before 2023 were excluded.The data was extracted from sources likeof private education, which remains unaffordable for middle-and low-income citizens.Post-COVID-19 inflation has further strained economies, shifting national priorities toward economic survival over education and health [9]. As a result, many children remain out of school. ChatGPT and similar AI models offer a potential solution by enabling the development of digital education models, allowing students to access basic education from home through online courses. For educators, ChatGPT can assist in creating course frameworks, making educational content development more efficient. Additionally, the ease of access to information provided by these tools can foster greater awareness, enabling societies to pool resources and address community needs effectively.Advancements in AI technology have transformed the need for curriculum reform and implementation strategies, particularly in medical education. AI tools like ChatGPT facilitate curriculum development by implementation [10]. To maximize the benefits of these tools, faculty should integrate them into academic sessions, enabling students to enhance their knowledge and skills more efficiently. This calls for a reorganization of teaching and learning strategies to align with technological advancements, ensuring students can fully leverage the potential of AI in their education.3. Independent and self-paced learning: AI tools like ChatGPT enable students to learn at their own pace and according to their individual capabilities, addressing differences in learning styles without requiring significant financial investment [11]. This approach I n r e v i e w both locally relevant and globally impactful [13].plagiarism in assignments, exams, research, and data manipulation, posing serious threats digital technology into curricula, along with robust implementation and assessment tools [14].should be trained to critically analyze and review AI outputs, ensuring they refine and validate the content before using it in their academic work [15].Institutions face challenges in verifying the authenticity authorship and collaboration can influence perceptions of plagiarism and academic misconduct. Additionally, limited institutional support for research funding andI n r e v i e w to academic honesty and integrity. Moreover overuse of this practice undermines their critical thinking citation practices.The solution is not to restrict AI usage but to integrate 1. Plagiarism and Originality: The rising use of AI tools by students poses dual challenge to maintain academic integrity and originality. Although it provides assistance to students to bridge the gap of under resource to education in these counties, however some institutes lack the facility to detect AI generated texts and the faculty is also not trained to detect 2. Critical Thinking: Over-reliance on AI for simple tasks, such as drafting applications or emails, is diminishing students' critical thinking skills. Many students have become adept at generating AI prompts and copying results without evaluation.This replaces active intellectual engagement to solve problems with quick pre-formulated outputs without logic and analysis by the students. This has led to proficiency over depth. This may cause students to by pass the process of thinking , analysis and original constructs generation in developing countries where rote learning is already in place. This could undermine their ability to think independently, innovate and adapt to real world challenges. To adress this issue the students and faculty of student's work as AI becomes increasingly integrated into learning. Advanced tools like text generators, coding assistants and algorithms may mimic human originality which is difficult to detect. AI detection tolls also lack reliability as false negatives and biases against non native English.This can be mitigated by establishing clear policies and guidelines for AI use in academics, applicable at both national and international levels. The faculty should be trained to detect the style of writing and encourage students to do more class work, flipped classrooms and viva examinations so as to verify what they have learnt [5,6]. 4. Cultural and Socioeconomic Factors: The introduction of AI bring trans formative changes in health, education a governance in developing countries but its adaption is restricted by multiple challenges regarding cultural attitudes, resourc inequities.AI integration is limited in some countries due to language barrier as AI is mostly in English language limiting its use in these countries.Limited digital infrastructure, intenet connectivity and limited data storage capacity also add to the challenges.to practices like gifted authorship to share resources [16,17]. Addressing these issues Limited resources and high publication costs often forces faculty and students to cover expenses themselves, leading to practices like gifted authorship to share resources [16,17] .requires systemic changes to foster equitable access to academic resources and support. Developing countries should focus on homeground AI development according to their cultural and socioeconomic needs.international policies and guidelines to ensure safe and effective use. Integrating digital technology into medical curricula and redesigning teaching sessions can help students leverage these tools responsibly. While concerns about plagiarism and over-reliance persist, strategic measures and responsible use can allow educational institutions to enhance learning while upholding academic integrity.Establish Clear Guidelines: Educational institutions should create clear, internationally standardized policies outlining the permissible use of AI tools like ChatGPT. These guidelines should be binding and enforceable across institutions.• Redefine Authorship and Compliance: Authorship standards for publications should be redefined, including legal implications for non-compliance. Institutions should also set limits on AI usage for manuscript writing.• Integrate AI into Learning Sessions: Incorporate AI tools into student learning activities, such as small group discussions and project-based learning. Redesign teaching sessions to promote the effective and ethical use of AI technology.• Implement AI Plagiarism Detection Tools: Make AI plagiarism detection software widely available, requiring all institutions to use it for assignments and academic writing.• Conduct Training Programs: Organize seminars and workshops for faculty and students to promote the ethical use of AI tools and raise awareness about academic integrity.Although AI tools like ChatGPT offer significant opportunities for faculty and students but also poses challenges to academic integrity in developing countries, The key lies in developing I n r e v i e w• Engage Stakeholders: Involve all stakeholders in discussions about AI technology to address its challenges and benefits. This collective effort will enhance awareness and help maintain academic integrity.• Clinical trial number: not applicable.• Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not Applicable• Availability of data and materials: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.• Competing interests: NilThere is no conflict of interest• Funding: No funding source• Authors Contribution:• AJ-Conceptualization and proof reading• Rashid Aziz: Manuscript writing• Ghulam Farid: Table andfigures • Zahid Bashir: Proof Reading• Acknowledgments: We owe thanks to administration Shalamar medical and DentalCollege for supporting the research culture at the institute.I n r e v i e w I n r e v i e w The above table shows the aim, opportunities and challenges in use of ChatGPT in developing countries in 18 published studies.Legend: Figure 2 shows the pictorial representation and tabulated form of summary of opportunities and Challenges of use of ChatGPT as discussed in 18 extracted studies on it.