Abstract
Oxygen vacancy has been suggested to play a role in the electrochemical ability of NiMoO4. The band structure and density of state of NiMoO4 bulks with different concentrations of oxygen vacancy were investigated by the first-principles calculation. Original NiMoO4 shows semiconductive properties with a direct band gap of 0.136Â eV. When one to three oxygen vacancies were introduced in the NiMoO4 supercell, the band structure of NiMoO4 transforms to metallic properties, and oxygen vacancies formation energy increases with the increased number of oxygen vacancies. The oxygen vacancies in NiMoO4 lead to the increased electron localization of Ni 3d and Mo 3d state nearby the Fermi level, resulting in higher concentration of carriers in NiMoO4 and thus increase in its electrical conductivity. The results demonstrate that introducing oxygen vacancies can improve the conductive property of NiMoO4.
Introduction
As a typical transition metal oxides semiconductor, NiMoO4 has attracted attention for its wide applications in electrochemical energy storage and conversion, such as supercapacitor and electrocatalytic water splitting (; ). However, the poor conductivity and electrochemical activity of NiMoO4 limited its electrochemical energy storage performance. Defects engineering is a common method to change the physical chemistry property of transition oxide materials. As a typical representative of defects, oxygen vacancies can effectively modulate their electronic properties, tune their bandgaps, and optimize their electrical conductivity (). It has been proven experimentally that oxygen vacancies also can alter the interlayer spacing of metal oxide to promote faster charge storage kinetics (; ). However, theoretical mechanism analysis of oxygen vacancies in NiMoO4 on its capacitance performance is still scarce.
NiMoO4 has a typical monoclinic crystal structure. Both the Ni and Mo atoms are in octahedral site, and the distance between Mo and O atom was 2.3–2.4 Å (; ). When redox reaction occurs, the Ni2+ has oxidized to Ni3+; meanwhile, the MoO42− framework remains stable. Due to the band gap of NiMoO4 of 2.23 eV in natural temperature, the actual pseudo-capacitance performance of NiMoO4 was unsatisfactory ().
In order to understand the physical property of oxygen vacancies in NiMoO4, we performed first-principles calculation on the electronic structure, total density of states (TDOS), and partial density of states (PDOS) of NiMoO4 − x for the case of x = 0.0, 0.125, 0.250, and 0.375 (call NMO-0, NMO-1, NMO-2, NMO-3, respectively) by the Vienna Ab-Initio Simulation Package (VSAP) based on density functional theory (DFT). We have constructed a supercell of eight unit cells consisting of 48 atoms. Furthermore, in order to understand the relationship between vacancies structures and electrical properties in NiMoO4, the formation energy of neutral oxygen vacancy in different chemical environments has been calculated.
Theoretical Model and Computational Method
Theoretical Model
The study of oxygen vacancies in NiMoO4 has been investigated by constructing a perfect supercell approach. Based on the optimized construction of perfect NiMoO4, the unit cell is built by 2 × 2 × 2 in the x, y, and z directions, and a supercell consisting of 48 atoms is used for vacancies calculation. To introduce oxygen vacancies, an interior atom is removed from the supercell. The theoretical model is shown in Figure 1.
FIGURE 1
Computational Method
In order to understand the relationship between vacancies structures and electrical properties in NiMoO4, the formation energy of neutral oxygen vacancy in different chemical environments was calculated. The corrected formation energy of an isolated neutral O vacancy in NiMoO4 (∆EVo) is defined as:where Edefective is the total energy of a structure with oxygen vacancies, Eperfect is the total energy of the structure without oxygen vacancy, and EO2 is the elemental chemical potential of oxygen in the gas phase.
The DFT calculation was implemented in the Vienna Ab-Initio Simulation Package (). For the exchange and correlation functionals, the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE) version of the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) exchange correlation was used (; ). In the DFT calculation, the NiMoO4 bulks with different concentrations of oxygen vacancies were used to uncover the electronic properties. Vacuum layer thickness of 20 Å was applied to avoid virtual interaction and obtain more accurate results. The k-grid mesh value was 5 × 5 × 1. In addition, DFT + U method was also introduced to describe the electronic properties and vacancies states in NiMoO4 bulks. The value of U given to Ni ions was 4 eV (). The energy cutoff of 450 eV was used for the wave functions expansion. The energy and force converged to 1.0 × 10–5 eV atom−1 and 0.03 eV Å−1 to achieve high accuracy.
Results and Discussion
The calculated formation energy for different amount of oxygen vacancies in NiMoO4 for a 2 × 2 × 2 bulk cell (48 molecular units) is shown in Table 1. The formation energy for different number of oxygen vacancies in NiMoO4 was 0.73, 1.95, and 3.56 eV, respectively. The formation energy of two and three oxygen vacancies in NiMoO4 are 2.67 and 4.88 times than that of the one vacancy, respectively, which suggested that one vacancy is more easily formed in NiMoO4 crystal. This result shows that it is hard to synthesize two and three oxygen vacancies into NiMoO4 under normal experimental conditions.
TABLE 1
| E(NMO) (eV) | E(NMO_Vo) (eV) | E(O2) (eV) | ΔE(form. energy) (eV) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NMO-1 | −355.63 | −350.52 | −8.75 | 0.73 |
| NMO-2 | −355.63 | −344.92 | −8.75 | 1.95 |
| NMO-3 | −355.63 | −338.94 | −8.75 | 3.56 |
The formation energy of different concentrations of oxygen vacancy Vo in perfect NiMoO4.
In order to reveal the oxygen vacancy electron doping effect on the electronic structure of NiMoO4, the band structure, TDOS, and PDOS, of stoichiometric NiMoO4 in 2 × 2 × 2 supercell with different amount of oxygen vacancies were calculated. Figure 2 shows the band structure of NiMoO4 with different numbers of oxygen vacancies from zero to three. The Fermi levels of NMO-0, NMO-1, NMO-2, and NMO-3 were 6.1014, 6.0258, 5.9609, and 5.8729 eV, respectively. All of the Fermi levels were located at zero in all the figures. The valence band maximum of NMO-0 is located at −0.079 eV, and the conduction band minimum is located at 0.056 eV. NMO-0 is a semiconductor with an indirect gap of 0.136 eV. Furthermore, NMO-1, NMO-2, and NMO-3 showed metallic electrical conductivity characteristics. With the introduction oxygen vacancies into NiMoO4, the extra-nuclear electrons of Mo have been released, which leading to increasing number of carrier concentration. The results are consistent with the DFT calculation result of SF Matar’s work ().
FIGURE 2
It can be obtained that the valence band of NiMoO4 can be divided into lower and upper valence bands. The lower band mainly consisted of the O 2d, Ni 3d, and Mo 3d, as shown in Figure 3. The upper valence band consisted of Ni 3d and Mo 3d. While oxygen vacancies were introduced into the NiMoO4 crystal, the band gap of NiMoO4 has narrowed. The introduction of oxygen vacancies in NiMoO4 gives more distribution of state density nearby the Fermi energy level, which indicates that more metallic properties of NiMoO4 ().
FIGURE 3
The PDOS of O 2p, Ni 3d, and Mo 3d for NMO-0, NMO-1, NMO-2, and NMO-3 are displayed in Figure 4. Nearby the Fermi level, the electronic states of NiMoO4 mainly consist of Ni 3d and Mo 3d. With the number of oxygen vacancies from zero to three, the half-peak width of Ni 3d and Mo 3d decreased and exhibited higher electron localization effect. This suggests that NiMoO4 has transformed to metallic properties with oxygen vacancies created into the NiMoO4 crystal, which is in accordance with the calculation consequence of band structure.
FIGURE 4
Conclusion
In summary, we analyzed the formation energy, band structure, DOS, and PDOS from zero to three oxygen vacancies in 2 × 2 × 2 NiMoO4 supercell with density functional theory calculation. The result revealed that only one oxygen vacancy can easily form in NiMoO4 crystal. The original NiMoO4 shows direct band gap semiconductor characteristic. With the amount of oxygen vacancies increase from one to three, the band gap of NiMoO4 become narrower and exhibit stronger metallic properties. The electron state nearby the Fermi level of NiMoO4 are mainly determined by Ni 3d and Mo 3d. Oxygen vacancies into NiMoO4 accelerate the electron localization effect of Ni 3d and Mo 3d around the Fermi level.
Statements
Data availability statement
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
Author contributions
All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.
Funding
The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Young Science Foundation of Yunnan (Grant No. 2019FD113), National Natural Science Foundation of China (11764047) and Education Science Foundation of Yunnan (2020J0095).
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the Yunnan Key Lab of Opto-Electronic Information Technology.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors, and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
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Summary
Keywords
density function theory, oxygen vacancies, formation energy, electronic structure, density of states (DOS)
Citation
Wen Y, Wang P, Ding X, Feng X and Qing C (2021) Roles of Oxygen Vacancies in NiMoO4: A First-Principles Study. Front. Energy Res. 9:793032. doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2021.793032
Received
11 October 2021
Accepted
21 October 2021
Published
18 November 2021
Volume
9 - 2021
Edited by
Chao Han, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
Reviewed by
Junling Guo, Zhengzhou University, China
Chong Wang, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China
Updates
Copyright
© 2021 Wen, Wang, Ding, Feng and Qing.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Chen Qing, qingchen1@126.com
This article was submitted to Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage, a section of the journal Frontiers in Energy Research
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.