ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Front. Energy Res., 14 November 2023

Sec. Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage

Volume 11 - 2023 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2023.1256000

Study on MCFC-integrated GSCC systems with SEGR in parallel or series and CO2 capture

  • Key Laboratory of Power Station Energy Transfer Conversion and System, School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China

Abstract

In this paper, two new molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC)-integrated gas–steam combined cycle (GSCC) systems with selective exhaust gas recirculation (SEGR) and CO2 capture are proposed and analyzed. The CO2 concentration in the gas turbine emission is increased because CO2 is selectively recycled with the help of SEGR. Molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) are another way to increase CO2 concentration in the gas turbine flue gas by translating only CO2 from the cathode to the anode. In these two new gas–steam combined cycle systems, SEGR connected with MCFC, either in parallel or series, increases CO2 concentration beyond 11%. A gas–steam combined cycle system combined with MCFC and CO2 capture without SEGR is used as the reference system. Aspen Plus software is adopted to build the system models, and the performances of different systems are discussed and compared. The research results reveal that for the MCFC-integrated gas–steam combined cycle system with SEGR in series and CO2 capture, the CO2 concentration of gas turbine exhaust increases to 11.72% and the thermal efficiency is 56.29% when the overall CO2 capture rate is 88.16%, which is 1.13% higher than that of the reference system; for the MCFC-integrated gas–steam combined cycle system with SEGR in parallel and CO2 capture, the CO2 concentration of gas turbine exhaust increases to 14.15% and the thermal efficiency is 56.62%, which is 1.46% higher than that of the reference system. Furthermore, the economic analysis results show that the economic performances of new systems are mainly influenced by MCFC cost and will be gradually improved with the decrease in the MCFC cost.

1 Introduction

The topic of CO2 emission is attracting considerable attention with the rise in global warming, which poses a severe hazard to human health and survival. Total CO2 discharge in China has increased from 9.122 billion tons (2011) to 9.912 billion tons (2020) (Miao et al., 2022). CO2 emissions are mainly generated from fossil fuel-fired power systems, such as coal-fired power generation systems and gas–steam combined cycle (GSCC) systems. Although the gas–steam combined cycle has high efficiency, capturing CO2 from the GSCC system is still a focus of attention in various countries since natural gas is usually applied as a fuel and still emits a large amount of CO2. The F-class gas turbine (GT) is widely applied (Tsukagoshi et al., 2007), and its turbine inlet temperature can reach up to 1,400°C (ElKady et al., 2009). Choi et al. (2014) found that using the F-class GT, for the GSCC system integrated with a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), without carbon capture, the efficiency reaches almost 70%.

Conventional CO2 capture methods usually result in a significant decrease in efficiency and output power. Compared with the conventional CO2 capture techniques, MCFC has special advantages of increasing the efficiency of the entire system. CO2 and O2 from the GT exhaust gas can form carbonate ions in the cathode of MCFC, which are carried to the anode by the molten electrolyte of MCFC. After the carbonate ions react with fuels such as CH4 or H2, H2O and CO2 are generated at the anode; therefore, after the combustion of anode flue gas and pure O2 in the afterburner, only CO2 and H2O are left. The MCFC has higher efficiency and lower cost than the phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) and a more simple structure than the SOFC (Zhao and Hou, 2022). Carapellucci et al. (2019) compared the systems of the steam power plant (SPP) combined with MCFC and the SPP combined with the monoethanolamine (MEA) method. The results showed that the system of SPP combined with MCFC had a higher overall efficiency and CO2 removal capacity.

Selective exhaust gas recirculation (SEGR) is a type of technique to recycle CO2 from GT flue gas with membranes to increase the CO2 concentration in the cycle. CO2 is selectively conveyed through membranes from the exhaust gas; therefore, higher is possible in the emission. As N2 and H2O in the exhaust gas are ideally not recirculated, the flow rate of emitted gas is reduced. When the air is applied as the sweep gas, SEGR can be driven by the difference between the air side and the flue gas side, which means that the CO2 can be enriched by SEGR with nearly no energy consumption and without requiring pressurization equipment. Bellas et al. (2019) conducted experiments on a micro-GT with SEGR and revealed that in the exhaust gas was significantly improved with the help of SEGR, and the nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions were reduced. The in the GT exhaust could be raised to 18% when SEGR and MEA were integrated into natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) plants (Herraiz et al., 2018). Diego et al. (2018) proved that SEGR effectively reduced the energy demand of the NGCC plant combined with MEA. Merkel et al. (2012) used the H2-selective and CO2-selective membranes to capture CO2 formed in the integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants. The research results revealed that there was a decrease in both capital cost and energy utilization compared with the cold absorption method of CO2 capture.

Even though both the methods of MCFC and SEGR can enrich CO2 with less energy consumption compared with the conventional CO2 capture methods, there are still limitations to using either MCFC or SEGR alone. When MCFC is adopted alone, Milewski et al. (2013) verified with experiments that the performance of MCFC was deeply limited by the of the cathode. When SEGR was adopted alone, Richard et al. (2017) studied that the rise in of exhaust gas was limited, which could be 15–20 vol%. Therefore, if SEGR is integrated into MCFC, the of exhaust gas can be additionally increased, and the performance of MCFC can be significantly improved, which has not been studied yet.

To reduce CO2 emission with less energy consumption and increase the whole system performance, two GSCC systems combined with MCFC, SEGR, and CO2 capture are proposed in this work. The SEGR operating in parallel with the GSCC system combined with MCFC is investigated in the first system; in the second system, the SEGR operating in series with the GSCC system integrated into MCFC is investigated. The thermal and economic performances of different systems are discussed and compared. The effects of the SEGR ratio and the CO2 capture rate on the thermal efficiency and economic performance of new systems are examined.

2 Description of different systems

2.1 GSCC system integrated into MCFC and CO2 capture (reference system)

In this study, the GSCC system combined with MCFC and CO2 capture without SEGR is selected as the reference system, and the system flowchart is shown in Figure 1. After passing through compressor 1, the fuel (2) is supplied to the combustor. After passing through compressor 2, the air (3) is separated into compressed air (4) and (6). Compressed air (4) is supplied into the combustor; compressed air (6) is transferred into the GT as the coolant gas. The combustion chamber emission expands in the gas turbine to produce electricity, and the gas turbine flue gas is then transferred to the MCFC cathode. A portion of the anode flue gas (15) is sent to the pre-reformer to convert the fuel into H2 and CO in order to prevent the carbon deposition problem (Duan et al., 2014). After being transported from the cathode, the carbonate ions react with H2 in the anode and produce H2O and CO2 (Milewski et al., 2013). The cathode flue gas (9) has low and high temperature after the electrochemical reaction, and after discharging heat in the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG), the cathode flue gas (9) is released into the atmosphere (10). In the afterburner, pure O2 (19) generated from the air separation unit is utilized to combust the rest anode flue gas (16). Then, the afterburner flue gas (20) is supplied into the HRSG to release heat. Finally, the afterburner flue gas (21), consisting of H2O and CO2, is condensed and compressed to generate the liquid CO2 (25).

FIGURE 1

2.2 MCFC-integrated GSCC system with SEGR in parallel and CO2 capture

The simplified flowchart of the MCFC-integrated GSCC system with SEGR in parallel and CO2 capture is shown in Figure 2. The GT exhaust gas (8) is separated into two parts: (9) and (13). After being heated by the afterburner flue gas to 923.15 K (Duan et al., 2014), the flue gas (9) is transferred to the MCFC cathode. After being cooled in the HRSG and further cooled in cooler 1 to 353.15 K, exhaust gas (13) is supplied into the condenser to remove H2O (15). Then, the water-excluded flue gas (17) is blown into the selective CO2 transfer system. The air mixed with CO2 selected by the membranes is then compressed in compressor 2.

FIGURE 2

2.3 MCFC-integrated GSCC system with SEGR in series and CO2 capture

Figure 3 shows a simplified flowchart of the MCFC-integrated GSCC system with SEGR in series and CO2 capture. The GT flue gas (11) is cooled in HRSG and further cooled in cooler 1 to a temperature of 303.15 K. Then, the water-excluded flue gas (14) is blown into the selective CO2 transfer system. The sweep air 1 (3) is transferred to the selective CO2 transfer system.

FIGURE 3

3 System modeling

Aspen Plus software is adopted to establish the simulation models. In brief, the MCFC is simulated using a Fortran code, and the selective CO

2

transfer system is modeled using Aspen Custom Modeler. The new system parameters are obtained as shown in

Table 1

. During the establishment of the models, the suppositions to be considered are as follows (

Bian et al., 2022

):

  • 1) Thermally insulated MCFC, and no entropy flow to the outside environment.

  • 2) Constant membrane permeability, and the coupling impact is ignored.

  • 3) Kinetic or potential energy effects are ignored.

  • 4) Incompressible ideal gas and steady-state conditions are supposed.

TABLE 1

Ambient condition (Duan et al., 2014)298.15 K, 1.01 atm
Generator efficiency (Duan et al., 2014)99%
Compositions of air (Duan et al., 2014)N2 79% and O2 21%
Gas turbine
Mass flow of GT fuel (kg/s)15
Content of fuelCH4 100%
Lower heating value of fuel (kJ/kg) (Duan et al., 2014)50,030
Pressure ratio16
Turbine entrance temperature (K)1,673
Membranes
CO2/N2 selectivity (−) (Ramasubramanian et al., 2012)140
CO2 permeance (gpu) (Ramasubramanian et al., 2012)3,000
HRSG
LP/MP/HP pressure (MPa) (Duan et al., 2014)0.39/3.6/17.6
Isentropic efficiency of LP/MP/HP (Duan et al., 2014)92%/91%/90%
Mechanical efficiency of turbine (Duan et al., 2014)99%
Air separation unit
Operating pressure (MPa) (Duan et al., 2015)0.6
Isentropic efficiency (Duan et al., 2015)80%
CO2compression
Compression stage quantity (Duan et al., 2014)3
Exit pressure (atm) (Duan et al., 2014)80
Exit temperature (K) (Duan et al., 2014)303.15
MCFC
Mass flow of fuel (kg/s)3.75
Content of fuelCH4 100%
Lower heating value of fuel (kJ/kg)50,030
Area (m2)102,245
Ratio of steam to carbon (Duan et al., 2014)3.5
Current density (A/m2) (Duan et al., 2014)1,500
Fuel utilization rate0.85
Working temperature (K) (Duan et al., 2015)923.15
95%
Active surface area (m2/m3) (Bian et al., 2020)Anode2.7E5
Cathode3.0E5
Thickness (mm) (Bian et al., 2020)Anode0.6
Cathode0.6
Electrolyte1
Electrical conductivity (S/m) (Bian et al., 2020)Anode100
Cathode100
Electrolyte138.6
Standard exchange current (A/m2) (Bian et al., 2020)Anode50
Cathode2
Effective diffusivity (m2/s) (Bian et al., 2020)Anode3.97E-6
Cathode1.89E-6

System simulation parameters.

The main equations of the MCFC model used in the Fortran code are listed in Table 2 (Eqs 1–25). To guarantee that the afterburner combustion gas contains only CO2 and H2O, the MCFC anode is supplied with pure CH4. In Eq. 5, is the Gibbs free energy (kJ/kg) and represents the partial pressure of species i (MPa). In Eqs 8–11, j is the current density (A/m2); represents the exchange current density (A/m2); and is the standard exchange current density (A/m2). In Eq. 13, stands for the Ohmic polarization cell resistance (); is the thickness (mm); and is the electrical conductivity (S/m-1). The gas transport models in porous media are used (Eqs 17–21) to calculate the gas partial pressures at the three-phase boundaries (). represents the partial pressure of the species i at the three-phase boundary (MPa) and is the effective diffusivity (m2/s).

TABLE 2

MCFC
Reforming reaction (Duan et al., 2014) (1)
(2)
Cathode reaction (Duan et al., 2014) (3)
Anode reaction (Duan et al., 2014) (4)
Ideal reversible voltage (Bian et al., 2020) (5)
(6)
Activation loss (Bian et al., 2020) (7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
Ohmic loss (Arpornwichanop et al., 2013) (12)
(13)
Concentration loss (Arpornwichanop et al., 2013) (14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
Actual MCFC voltage (Bian et al., 2022) (22)
MCFC power output (Bian et al., 2020) (23)
Net power output (24)
MCFC thermal efficiency (25)
Selective CO2transfer system
Species i gas permeance (Franz et al., 2013) (26)
Performance indicators
MCFC fuel utilization rate (Duan et al., 2015) (27)
MCFC CO2 utilization rate (Duan et al., 2015) (28)
Overall CO2 capture rate (Duan et al., 2015) (29)
Thermal efficiency of MCFC (30)
Overall thermal efficiency (31)

Main reaction equations.

The gas permeance equations are listed in Table 2 (Eq. 26). The selective CO2 transfer system is arranged as counter-current. is the permeability of the species i (kmol/(m2s MPa)); represents the gas permeance of species i for a segment of area (kmol/s); A represents the area (m2); represents the partial pressure of the species i at the feed side (MPa); and represents the partial pressure of species i at the permeate side (MPa).

4 Model validation with experimentation

4.1 Gas turbine system model validation with literature data

The GT system model is validated with the data from Choi et al. (2014). In the literature, an F-class GSCC system with SOFC is studied. The specifications of the two GSCC systems are shown in Table 3. The simulated data are in excellent agreement with the literature data.

TABLE 3

ParameterReference (Choi et al., 2014)Simulation result
Turbine entrance temperature (K)1,6731,673
Turbine rotor entrance temperature (K)1,6001,600
Compressor pressure ratio1616
Turbine coolant rate to compressor intake (%)1616
Fuel mass flow of GT (kg/s)10.1615
Specific GT power (MJ/kg)18.0719.28
Specific ST power (MJ/kg)10.098.96
Combined cycle power/fuel mass flow (MJ/kg)28.1628.23
Combined cycle efficiency (%)57.156.4

GSCC specifications.

4.2 MCFC model validation using experiments

The model accuracy is validated using unit MCFC cell equipment, as shown in Figure 4A. The unit fuel cell includes a porous anode of Ni/Cr alloy, a porous cathode of NiO, and an electrolyte matrix filled with the combination of 62% Li2CO3 and 38% K2CO3. The experimental device consists of a temperature control facility, a gas flow control facility, and the unit fuel cell. The operating temperature is 650°C under atmospheric conditions. The electrochemical workstation is applied to set and measure the current density and voltage. The simulation and actual voltage values at different are shown in Figure 4B. In this paper, the value of the error indicator RMSE is 0.014 V, which is calculated using Eq. 32. It is noticeable that the simulation results are in good agreement with the test values.

FIGURE 4

5 Results and discussion

In this section, results of the models with SEGR in parallel and series are discussed and compared with the reference system.

5.1 MCFC-integrated GSCC system with SEGR in parallel and CO2 capture

The flowchart of an MCFC-integrated GSCC system with SEGR in parallel and CO2 capture is shown in Figure 2. One part of the exhaust gas regenerated by the HRSG is supplied to the selective CO2 transfer system. CO2 is passed through membranes selectively and then supplied to the compressor with the sweep air.

Figure 5A shows the variations in the MCFC CO2 utilization rate that is demanded to capture 88.16% of CO2 produced by the combustion as a function of the SEGR for different selective CO2 transfer rates (SCTRs). For a constant SCTR, the MCFC CO2 utilization rate rises at a higher recirculation rate. This is because the CO2 discharged by the selective CO2 transfer system increases with the increase in the recirculation rate since the in the exhaust gas is higher. A considerable amount of CO2 is captured in the MCFC.

FIGURE 5

When the SCTR is held constant at 0.95 and the selective exhaust gas recirculation rate is increased from 0 to 0.7, the mass flow rate of sweep air decreases. The reason is that the turbine entrance temperature should be kept invariable. Therefore, the in GT flue gas increases, and the O2 concentration () decreases, as illustrated in Figure 5B. O2 in the combustor exceeds the limit of 17% for F-class GT (Evulet et al., 2009), as shown in Figure 5B.

When the SCTR is held constant at 0.95 and the selective exhaust gas recirculation rate is raised from 0 to 0.7, the is significantly influenced by the change in the SEGR. According to Eq. 5, the ideal reversible voltage mainly increases with the increase in in GT exhaust gas. According to Eq. 16, the cathode concentration loss is reduced with the increase in . Therefore, the actual cell voltage increases with the increase in SEGR as the increases, according to Eq. 22. As shown in Figure 5C, when the SEGR increases from 0.6 to 0.7, the slope of the voltage is smaller because of the significant decrease in the O2 concentration, leading to a massive rise in the cathode concentration loss according to Eq. 16. When the SEGR is changed and the SCTR is held constant, the system thermal efficiency is principally affected by the output of MCFC. The output of MCFC is regulated by the voltage as the current density is maintained at 1500 A/m2. As the SEGR is increased from 0 to 0.6, the system thermal efficiency increases as the voltage increases. With the increase in the SEGR, the sweep air mass flow rate decreases to maintain the invariable turbine entrance temperature, which gives rise to the reduction in the mass flow rate of the expanding gas into the gas turbine. Therefore, the output of GT is reduced with the increase in the SEGR. While the SEGR increases from 0.6 to 0.7, as the drop in the GT output is larger than the increase in the MCFC output, the system thermal efficiency decreases, as shown in Figure 5C.

5.2 MCFC-integrated GSCC system with SEGR in series and CO2 capture

The flowchart of the MCFC-integrated GSCC system with SEGR in series and CO2 capture is illustrated in Figure 3. After CO2 is excluded by MCFC, the emission of GT is supplied to the selective CO2 transfer system.

Figure 6A shows the changes in the MCFC CO2 utilization rate required to capture 88.16% of CO2 as a function of SCTRs. The more the CO2 conveyed to the combustion air, the less the CO2 utilization rate demanded by the MCFC.

FIGURE 6

When the SCTR increases from 0.65 to 0.91, the mass flow of sweep air (air 1) decreases to maintain the turbine entrance temperature constant; therefore, the in GT exhaust increases, and the decreases, as illustrated in Figure 6B. As O2 in the combustor must be maintained above 17 vol% for an F-class gas turbine, the largest in GT exhaust gas can be achieved at 11.72% when the SCTR is 0.91.

When the SCTR increases from 0.65 to 0.91, the MCFC voltage is mainly regulated by the in the GT exhaust gas as the is influenced by the change in the SCTR. The MCFC voltage increases with the increase in the SCTR as the increases, according to Eqs 5 and 16. When the SCTR increases from 0.9 to 0.91, the slope of the MCFC voltage is smaller because of the decrease in the O2 concentration, as shown in Figure 6C. As the SCTR is varied, according to Eq. 23, the MCFC power output increases as the MCFC voltage increases and the current density is held constant. The system thermal efficiency increases as the MCFC power output increases, according to Eq. 25. However, with the increase in the SCTR, the sweep air mass flow rate decreases to maintain the invariable turbine entrance temperature, which gives rise to the reduction in the mass flow rate of the expanding gas into the gas turbine. Therefore, the output power of the GT is reduced with the increase in the SCTR. When the SCTR increases from 0.9 to 0.91, as the drop in the GT output is larger than the increase in the MCFC output, the system thermal efficiency decreases, as shown in Figure 6C.

5.3 Comparison of the results for different systems

The major operating parameters of the MCFC voltage and GSCC system for SEGR in series and parallel with MCFC are shown in Table 4. Parallel 96/90 denotes that the new system with SEGR in parallel operates with a 0.96 CO2 utilization rate of MCFC and 0.9 SCTR of the membrane. Series 91/28, 90/36, and 85/46 denote that the new system with SEGR in series operates with MCFC CO2 utilization rates of 0.91, 0.9, and 0.85 and membrane SCTRs of 0.28, 0.36, and 0.46, respectively. An MCFC-integrated GSCC system with CO2 capture and without SEGR is considered the reference system. The current density and the area of MCFC are held constant. The key stream data of different systems are shown in Table 4. The data on the streams from parallel 96/90 and series 90/36 are shown in detail in the Supplementary Material. The power and thermal efficiency of different systems are listed in Table 4. Compared with the reference system, there is an increase in the entire thermal efficiencies of the systems with SEGR in parallel and series. The efficiency of the parallel 96/90 system is greater than that of the series 90/36 system.

TABLE 4

ParameterReference systemParallel 96/90Series 91/28Series 90/36Series 85/46
Recirculation rate (%)-60---
MCFC CO2 utilization rate0.850.90.280.360.46
Selective CO2 transfer rate-0.960.910.90.85
OCCR (%)88.1688.1688.1688.1688.16
MCFC
Voltage (V)0.590.7250.7220.7210.69
Current density (A/m2)1,5001,5001,5001,5001,500
Area (m2)102,245102,245102,245102,245102,245
CO2-enriched air at the compressor inlet
Temperature (K)298.15298.15298.15298.15298.15
Pressure (MPa)0.1020.1020.1020.1020.102
Mole flow (kmol/s)20.3519.2719.1619.2919.69
(vol%)0.036.67.426.64.03
(vol%)20.7319.117.8818.2819.42
Flue gas at GT exhaust
Temperature (K)949.03970.49972.48969.97961.91
Pressure (MPa)0.1020.1020.1020.1020.102
Mole flow (kmol/s)21.2920.220.120.2220.62
(vol%)4.3910.9311.7210.928.38
(vol%)11.298.977.758.199.48
H2O concentration (vol%)8.799.269.39.259.07
GT net power (MW)289.25283.08282.42283.17285.52
ST net power (MW)157.25160.05160.4160.03158.95
MCFC net power (MW)90.96111.24110.71110.65105.91
CO2 compressor (MW)−17.77−17.77−17.77−17.77−17.77
ASU (MW)−2.24−2.24−2.24−2.24−2.24
Blower (MW)-−3.27−5.77−5.81−5.95
Net power output517.45531.09527.75528.03524.42
Overall thermal efficiency (%)55.1656.6256.2656.2955.91

Parameters of the investigated configurations.

Figure 7A indicates the air mole flow rate at the compressor entrance and the GT net output. In contrast to the reference system, with the increase in the selective flue gas recirculation, to keep the GT inlet temperature constant at 1400°C, the air into the selective CO2 transfer system decreases. Therefore, the air mole flow rate at the compressor inlet decreases, which results in the decrease in the GT output power, which is in contrast to the reference case. When the SCTR of the GSCC system with SEGR in series is reduced from 0.91 to 0.85, the air mole flow rate at the compressor entrance increases and so is the GT net power. The GT exhaust gas mole flow rate is regulated by the air mole flow rate at the compressor entrance, and the net power consumed by the blower is affected by the GT exhaust gas mole flow rate, as shown in Figure 7B.

FIGURE 7

Figure 7C shows the comparison of and in the GT exhaust gas and MCFC voltage of the GSCC system with SEGR in parallel and series and the reference case. For the reference system, the in GT exhaust is 4.39%, which results in a low MCFC voltage as the fuel cell performance is significantly influenced by the of the gas mixture fed into the MCFC cathode. With SEGR in parallel or in series, the in GT exhaust gas increases, and is decreases, which leads to the increase in the MCFC voltage.

6 Economic and environmental performance evaluation

In this section, the economic and environmental performances of new systems are compared with those of the reference system.

The principal economic criteria used to assess various CO2 capture methods are the specific primary energy consumption for CO2 avoided (SPECCA) and the cost of CO2 avoided (CCA). The equations for cost estimation are listed in Table 5. For the power section, is 0.7, is 0.45, and is 0.35; for the CO2 removal section, is 1.1, is 0.45, and is 0.7 (Gatti et al., 2020).

TABLE 5

SPECCA(33)
TEC(34)
INST(35)
IC(36)
EPC(37)
OCC(38)
TPC(39)
CCA(40)

Equations for cost estimation.

Table 6 shows the comparison results of the economic evaluation. Contrast to the CCA of the conventional MEA technique for CO2 capture (Leto et al., 2011), the overall thermal efficiency of the parallel 96/90 system in this paper is higher, which results in a negative SPECCA index. Figure 8A shows the thermodynamic performance (SPECCA) of the systems investigated. The cost per kW MCFC is fixed at 555 $/kW (Gatti et al., 2020). Over the last 20 years, the MCFC cost has been reduced significantly (Campanari et al., 2014), and further decrease exists according to DOE targets (Spendelow et al., 2012). The investment lifetime is 25 years, the fuel cost is 4.5$/GJ, and the equivalent hours at full load is 7880 h per year (Gatti et al., 2020). In Figure 8B, CCA is displayed as a function of the specific TPC ($/kW). The closer the system is to the bottom left corner, the more attractive it is because it represents lower operating and specific investment costs.

TABLE 6

GSCC system without CO2 capture (Duan et al., 2014)Reference systemParallel 96/90Series 90/36
System fuel input (MWLHV)750.6938938938
GT net power (MW)289.25289.25283.08283.17
ST net power (MW)134.34157.25160.05160.03
MCFC net power (MW)-90.96111.24110.65
CO2 compressor (MW)-−17.77−17.77−17.77
ASU (MW)-−2.24−2.24−2.24
Blower (MW)--−3.27−5.81
Net power (MW)423.59517.45531.09528.03
Overall thermal efficiency (%)56.4355.1656.6256.29
Specific CO2 emission (g/kWh)349.2244.3443.243.45
CO2 avoided (%)-87.387.6387.56
SPECCA ()-0.48−0.0720.052
Plant component equipment cost
Gas turbine (M$)62.8962.8962.8962.89
Steam turbine (M$)25.3428.6628.7928.77
HRSG (M$)28.0146.0841.6741.66
Heat rejection (M$)30.5545.8647.0847.15
MCFC + BOP (M$)-50.4861.7461.41
Membrane (M$)--25.3452.46
ASU (M$)-5.825.825.82
CO2 compressor (M$)-16.7816.7816.78
Power section TEC (M$)146.79183.49180.43180.47
Power section TPC (M$)488.48610.61600.43600.56
CO2 removal section TEC (M$)-73.08109.68136.47
CO2 removal section TPC (M$)-378.3567.76706.44
Total TPC (M$)488.48988.911168.21307
Fuel cost (M$)95.72119.62119.62119.62
Fixed O and M cost (M$)1025.82829.3
Consumables (M$)6.410.2212.7313.3
First year capital charge (M$)163.38280.76304.62333.74
COE ($/MWh)48.9568.8672.7980.21
CO2 specific avoidance (g/kWh)-304.88306.02305.77
CCA ($/)-65.377.9102.23

Economic performance evaluation results of investigated systems.

FIGURE 8

7 Conclusion

In this paper, the MCFC-integrated GSCC systems with CO

2

capture and SEGR in series/parallel are investigated and contrasted with the MCFC-integrated GSCC system with CO

2

capture and without SEGR (the reference case). The results show that the new systems markedly increase the

in the emission of the gas turbine, maintaining oxygen concentration in the combustor at above 17 vol%. The CO

2

concentrations of the GT exhaust gas reached 14.15 vol% and 11.72 vol% for SEGR parallel (96/90) and series (91/28), respectively, when the OCCR is 88.16%. In addition, the thermal efficiencies of new systems increasingly contrasted to that of the reference system (55.16%). For SEGR in parallel (96/90) and series (90/36), the thermal efficiencies reached 56.65% and 56.29%, respectively, which are 0.19% higher and 0.14% lower than that of the GSCC system without CO

2

capture (56.43%).

  • 1) For the systems with SEGR in parallel, the OCCR is held constant at 88.16%. As the SEGR increases and the SCTR remains unchanged, the MCFC CO2 utilization rate increases; when SEGR is kept unchanged and SCTR increases, the MCFC CO2 utilization rate decreases. When the SEGR increases from 0.1 to 0.7 and the SCTR is held constant at 0.95, the of the GT flue gas increases from 4.87% to 14.15% and the in the combustor inlet exhaust is reduced from 20.86% to 18.27%. When the SCTR is held constant at 0.95 and the SEGR increases from 0.1 to 0.6, the system thermal efficiency increases from 55.17% to 56.64%; when the SEGR increases from 0.6 to 0.7, the system thermal efficiency decreases from 56.64% to 56.55%.

  • 2) For the systems with SEGR in series, the OCCR is held constant at 88.16%; when the SCTR increases from 0.65 to 0.91, the MCFC CO2 utilization rate is reduced from 0.66 to 0.34. When the SCTR increases from 0.65 to 0.91, the of the GT flue gas increases from 5.67% to 11.72% and the in combustor entrance gas decreases from 20.52% to 17.88%. When the SCTR increases from 0.65 to 0.9, the system thermal efficiency increases from 55.07% to 56.29%; when the SCTR increases from 0.9 to 0.91, the system thermal efficiency is reduced from 56.29% to 56.26%.

  • 3) When the CO2 utilization rate of the MCFC is 0.96 and the SCTR of the membrane is 0.90, the new system with SEGR in parallel exhibits a better economic and environmental performance.

Because of the high cost of the MCFC at present, the new system does not have significant advantages in terms of technical or economic performance. The advantage of the MCFC-based CO2 capture system, as well as forthcoming technological improvements, will contribute to advancing its economic performance.

Statements

Data availability statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material; further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Author contributions

JB: Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Writing–original draft. LD: Project administration, Supervision, Writing–review and editing.

Funding

The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This work was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation Project of China (No. 52076078) and the Science Fund for Creative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51821004).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors, and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Supplementary material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenrg.2023.1256000/full#supplementary-material

Nomenclature

Aarea, m2
cell active area, m2
ASUair separation unit
BOPbalance of the plant
CO2 concentration
O2 concentration
CCAcost of CO2 avoided, $/
COEcost of electricity, $/MWh
effective diffusivity, m2/s
ECO2CO2-specific emissions, g/kWh
ideal reversible voltage, V
EPCengineering, procurement, and construction costs, M$
FFaraday constant, 96,487 C/mol
Gibbs free energy, kJ/kg
GSCCgas–steam combined cycle
GTgas turbine
HRSGheat recovery steam generator
ICindirect cost, M$
IDCinterest during construction, M$
IGCCintegrated gasification combined cycle
INSTinstallation cost, M$
Jcurrent density, A/m2
exchange current density, A/m2
standard exchange current density, A/m2
low heat value of fuel, kJ/kg
CO2 mass flow rate in the cathode inlet, kg/s
CO2 mass flow rate in the cathode outlet, kg/s
fuel mass flow rate in the anode inlet, kg/s
fuel mass flow rate in the anode outlet, kg/s
mass flow rate of MCFC input fuel, kg/s
mass flow rate of gas turbine input fuel, kg/s
MCFCmolten carbonate fuel cell
Nnumber of single cells
NGCCnatural gas combined cycle
number of electrons released in the dissociation of H2 molecule
OCCowner’s cost and contingencies
SPECCAspecific primary energy consumption per unit of CO2 avoided
SPPsteam power plant
TECtotal equipment cost
TPCtotal plant cost
conversion efficiency of DC (direct current) into AC (alternative current)
Ohmic voltage loss, V
concentration voltage loss, V
thickness, mm
electrical conductivity, S/m-1
Subscripts
actactivation
ananode
cacathode
concconcentration
elecelectrolyte
ffeed side
ispecies i
ohmOhmic
ppermeate side
TPBthree-phase boundary

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Summary

Keywords

gas turbine, molten carbonate fuel cell, selective exhaust gas recirculation, CO2 emissions, economic analysis

Citation

Bian J and Duan L (2023) Study on MCFC-integrated GSCC systems with SEGR in parallel or series and CO2 capture. Front. Energy Res. 11:1256000. doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2023.1256000

Received

10 July 2023

Accepted

19 October 2023

Published

14 November 2023

Volume

11 - 2023

Edited by

Chi Lau, Teesside University, United Kingdom

Reviewed by

Davide Papurello, Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy

Houcheng Zhang, Ningbo University, China

Wenjia Li, Tianjin University, China

Updates

Copyright

© 2023 Bian and Duan.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Liqiang Duan,

Disclaimer

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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