Abstract
With the growth of electricity consumers purchasing green energy and the development of digital energy trading platforms, the role of digitalized retail electricity markets in the low-carbon transition of electric energy systems is becoming increasingly crucial. In this circumstance, the research work on retail electricity markets needs to be further analyzed and expanded, which would facilitate the efficient decision-making of both market players and policymakers. First, this paper introduces the latest developments in the retail electricity market under low-carbon energy transition and analyzes the limitations of the existing research works. Second, from three aspects of power trading strategy, retail pricing methodology, and market risk management, it provides an overview of the existing operation and mechanism design strategies of the retail electricity market; then, it provides a systematic introduction to the evaluation system and monitoring methodology of electricity markets, which is not sufficient for the current digitalized retail electricity markets. Finally, the issues regarding operation evaluation and platform optimization of the current digitalized retail electricity market are summarized, and the research topics worth further investigations are recommended.
1 Introduction
To realize the low-carbon transition of energy systems and the sustainable development of society, the installed capacity of renewable energy sources has achieved substantial growth worldwide (; ; ). Under this context, it is necessary to have an efficient electricity market to achieve the optimal allocation of renewable energy resources and provide effective incentives for the production and consumption of green electricity (). The retail electricity market serves as a bridge connecting electricity retailers and customers. With extensive access to various types of distributed energy resources, such as distributed photovoltaics and electric vehicles, the trading volume of the retail electricity market has been growing rapidly, and the needs of retail market players are becoming more and more diversified (). In this circumstance, the increased needs and risk levels have put forward higher requirements for retail electricity market construction and operation.
To face the above challenges, a digital energy trading platform can be utilized to carry out online electricity retail transactions, which can reduce the operation costs of trading entities and improve the transparency, fairness, and efficiency of the retail electricity market (). In the major electricity market worldwide, digital retail trading platforms have the functions of retail package management, electronic contracting, information disclosure, etc., which can significantly reduce the communication and marketing costs between electricity consumers and retailers. In Japan, electricity consumers can log into the electricity package price comparison website and enter their basic information, such as the address zip code, household size, and characteristics of electricity consumption, to calculate the electricity cost of various packages (). In Australia, a third-party website can help electricity consumers choose an electricity seller by considering multiple factors, including residential location, type of residence, and household size, as well as the percentage of green electricity in the package (). In Texas, United States, retail customers can also access the package comparison website, where the historical electricity consumption, acceptable tariff range, rate plan, renewable energy ratio, and other information about packages can be compared (). In the provincial electricity markets in China, online electricity retail trading has been established in Yunnan, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Shanxi, and other provinces and regions, and more provinces will join them in the future (). In December 2022, the platform of Guangdong’s retail electricity market was launched, and as of 31 March 2023, a total of 36,187 electricity consumers in Guangdong had signed the retail electricity contracts with 158 electricity retailers through the digital trading platform.
In the context of the rapid growth of renewable energy sources and the development of digital trading platforms, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive overview and analysis of the operation and evaluation methods of digitalized retail electricity markets. However, the current works (; ; ; ) on electricity markets mainly review the methodologies on the wholesale side, and and focused only on the decision-making of the retailers and consumers, respectively, which did not involve the evaluation of the retail market or an analysis of the digital energy trading platform.
Therefore, this paper reviews and analyzes the operation and evaluation of digitalized retail electricity markets, and its contributions mainly include the following: 1) the research works on retail electricity markets, considering the dependent operation and evaluation approaches, are systematically reviewed; 2) the research gaps in the current research works are pointed out, which include the systematic evaluation of retail electricity markets and in-depth analysis of digital energy trading platforms; and 3) referring to other e-commerce platforms, such as Amazon and TikTok, suggestions on improving the operation and evaluation of digitalized retail electricity markets are put forward.
2 Operation and mechanism design of retail electricity markets
2.1 Operation strategies for retailers and consumers
As the main decision-makers in retail electricity markets, electricity retailers and consumers have been comprehensively investigated in the existing works, which is summarized in
Figure 1. In this section, the operation strategies for retailers and consumers mainly focus on power trading optimization, retail pricing scheme, and market risk management.
1) Power trading strategy optimization. The intermittent renewable energy resources increased the risk levels of electricity retailers in the wholesale electricity market, which needs to be managed by using proper retail pricing and contract design strategies in retail electricity contracts. In the existing works, the trading strategies of electricity retailers in multi-type power markets have been developed using advanced optimization techniques considering various flexible resources, such as battery storages, demand response (DR) programs, and virtual bids (; ). and developed multi-objective optimization models for electricity retailers, where disaster recovery scheduling and retail packages have been investigated in detail, respectively. maximized the electricity retailer’s profit by designing a contract menu for customers, where a quadratic regularization model of customer responses is adopted to improve the robustness of the model, and proposed a personalized power retail solution recommendation system for residential users using collaborative filtering technology by considering users’ energy consumption patterns. analyzed the trading strategies for large retailers in China’s medium- and long-term electricity markets, while focused on medium-term planning for electricity retailers and formulated a multi-objective framework to balance profit and sales prices to customers. optimized electricity procurement with DR for retailers, which can significantly reduce procurement costs and peak costs. explored data-driven decision-making strategies for electricity retailers using actor–critic and deep Q-learning approaches. introduced a comprehensive power cost optimization algorithm for electricity retailers, and its economic feasibility is verified in China’s electricity spot market.
2) Developing retail pricing schemes. The design of efficient retail pricing schemes is crucial for the retailer to encourage consumers to participate in the retail markets, and the green retail contracts can also facilitate the renewable energy consumption of the consumers. The Stackelberg game model was employed by and to obtain flexible pricing strategies for retailers, where the flexible interactions between market players and weather-related random parameters have been taken into account. proposed an annual pricing framework for electricity retailers using the clustering technology based on consumers’ load profiles. optimized the time-of-use electricity price structure and level using data mining technology, given the number of price blocks using real power consumption data. proposed a two-stage customized retail price design based on personalized DR incentives, while proposed a real-time pricing model by comparing time-sharing and fixed pricing. introduced a three-level optimization model to capture the retailer’s pricing strategies’ implications and wholesale market price DR, and it can demonstrate the interactions and assess demand flexibility’s influence. addressed the challenges faced by retailers, and the Seq2Seq algorithm and reinforcement learning were used for customer demand prediction and tariff mechanism design, respectively.
3) Market risk management. Different risk assessment methods have been investigated by the market players or system operators to handle the uncertainties on both wholesale and retail sides (; ). To investigate the risk management for integrated energy service providers in the retail market, proposed an optimal pricing method based on value at risk (VaR), considering multi-energy DR. By using the CVaR and scenario generation techniques, the impacts of risk preferences and market conditions on the trading patterns of retailers were analyzed in detail (). offered a method for strategic retailers to assess their benefits and quantify the risks in bilateral transactions. presented a credit evaluation and risk measurement mechanism for electricity retailers to manage risks in a dynamic market using the Bayesian best–worst method (BBWM) cloud model. addressed risk assessment for independent electricity retailers in China and constructed a multi-level electricity market portfolio optimization model. To manage diverse contracts and sales prices, proposed an information gap decision theory-based method to evaluate retailer strategies, which could serve as a tool to assess risk levels and determine risk preferences.
FIGURE 1
2.2 Market design and analyses
The retail electricity market plays a crucial role in achieving multi-type policy targets, such as carbon neutrality, energy transition, and national unified electricity market construction in China. critiqued the impact of introducing competition on the supply side of the retail electricity market, and the flaws in the theoretical concepts from the Austrian School are addressed when the stability of short- and medium-term retail markets is evaluated. revealed the effectiveness of renewable energy labeling systems and their limitations in Dutch retail electricity markets toward net zero. addressed the existing issues and achievements by investigating an inter-regional power trading model in China, which focuses on quantifying the impact of cost, electricity price, and revenue on the behavior of electricity retailers. addressed risk assessment in China’s evolving retail electricity markets, and a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making method combining the Bayesian best–worst method and matter–element extension model was proposed. investigated the electricity price linkage mechanism between wholesale and retail sides in electricity markets for different applications with various users. proposed the retail electricity market under the framework of constructing a national unified electricity market in China, where characteristics of the emerging entities are taken into account. proposed a carbon neutrality-driven architecture for the retail electricity trading platform to improve market efficiency and satisfy the diverse needs of different market entities. To ensure credible and efficient retail electricity trading of distributed energy resources, a blockchain-based online platform was developed by . examined the strategic choices of electricity retailers participating in the market, considering uncertain parameters in DR programs. proposed an incentive mechanism involving government, retailers, and residents to promote renewable energy consumption, and its effectiveness is verified by using realistic data in the winter. To reduce uncertainty and disclose privacy, the concepts of data revenues and costs were illustrated, and power-side and data-side trading frameworks were proposed for electricity retailers ().
3 Evaluation of electricity market operation
3.1 Existing works on market evaluation
To ensure the efficient operation of wholesale and retail electricity markets, it is necessary to construct reliable monitoring and evaluation systems, which can avoid illegal bidding and other undesirable market behaviors that may decrease market efficiency (). Additionally, the environmental indicators suitable for retail electricity markets need to be developed to evaluate the energy transition status on the demand side. ) analyzed the establishment of a power market operation evaluation system and put forward the basic principle of power market operation monitoring to adapt to China’s power market reform. As a whole, the assessment of the electricity market needs to include a regulatory information collection system to provide data support, a market evaluation to generate early warnings, and a regulatory information dissemination system to show the evaluation results (). Moreover, the operation processes of the power market also need to be evaluated, and the main indicators of evaluation can be divided into four categories: economy, security, fairness, and environmental protection (). To monitor and evaluate the electricity market, market structure, market balance, trading results, bidding strategy, and supplier status should be considered to ensure the healthy development of the market (). The market power is a crucial content to be included to effectively assess and monitor the electricity market (), where the evaluation system can be constructed according to the structure–conduct–performance model of industrial economics, followed by real-time evaluation and the corresponding decision-making by combining the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method (). The residual supply index and the market parameter dependence index can be taken into account to access the market conditions ().
3.2 System monitoring for market evaluation
With renewable energy sources being connected to the power grid at a tremendous rate of growth, the quality and continuity of the power supply in the power system is being significantly challenged (). To achieve this goal, intelligent devices for monitoring and controlling the status of power grids need to be deployed to maintain the safe and stable operation of power grids (; ). However, the current smart grid monitoring system often encounters problems such as poor portability of monitoring terminals, oversimplified monitoring systems, and low security of the information system (). To judge the operation status and trend of the power grid, evaluation indexes can be constructed based on the stochastic matrix and qualitative trend analysis using operation data collected from the power grid (). It is also possible to utilize big data in combination with information fusion technology to provide the assessment and prediction of key equipment in a smart grid (). The monitoring system can be used in conjunction with the smart grid to assess and evaluate the status of the power system and the information system, which help the staff make correct decisions and reduce losses (). Additionally, if the operating conditions are relatively harsh, the monitoring system needs to take into account typhoon, ice, snow, lightning, and many other unfavorable factors to avoid the occurrence of serious accidents (). In the process of monitoring and evaluating smart grids, different models can be established by considering different detection needs so as to obtain the best monitoring and evaluation effects ().
3.3 Limitations of existing evaluation indexes
Based on the evaluation indexes proposed in the research works on market evaluation and monitoring, an evaluation framework with various evaluation indexes for electricity markets is shown in Table 1, which includes six primary evaluation indicators and secondary evaluation indicators. It is shown that most market structure and management indicators, such as the Herfindahl–Hirschman index (HHI), top-m, and timely rate of information disclosure indexes, are easy to be applied to retail electricity markets. However, some indicators on market behavior and development are not suitable due to the different frameworks, policies, and rules between retail and wholesale electricity markets. For instance, the centralized market clearing mechanism is widely used in wholesale electricity markets, while bilateral contracts are adopted by the players in retail electricity markets.
TABLE 1
| Primary evaluation indicator | Secondary evaluation indicator | Suitable for retail electricity market or not? |
| Market structure indicators | HHI | √ |
| Top-m index | √ | |
| Residual supply rate index | √ | |
| Lerner index | × | |
| Market behavior indicators | Averaged settlement price | √ |
| High offer price ratio of the generator | × | |
| Withholding ratio of the generator | × | |
| Offer price sequence correlation | √ | |
| Price–cost correlation | × | |
| Price supply and demand correlation | √ | |
| Market efficiency indicators | Averaged settlement price | √ |
| Electricity supply/demand ratio | √ | |
| Cleared rate of units with high offer prices | × | |
| Average return of generators | × | |
| Environmental indicators | Market share of renewable energy | √ |
| Percentage of cross-province/region power trading | × | |
| Wind power abandonment rate | × | |
| Solar power abandonment rate | × | |
| Development indicators | Growth rate of market entities | √ |
| Growth rate of electricity sales | √ | |
| Growth rate of installed power generation capacity | √ | |
| Growth rate of renewable power productions | × | |
| Growth rate of cross-province/region power trading | × | |
| Reduction rate of wind and solar abandonment | × | |
| Management indicators | Timely rate of information disclosure | √ |
| Information disclosure completeness rate | √ | |
| Accuracy of information disclosure | √ | |
| Response rate for public opinions | √ | |
| Average response time for public opinions | √ | |
| Number of under-credit disposals | √ | |
| Level of credit risk protection | √ |
Evaluation indicators for electricity market operation.
4 Discussion and suggestions
Existing research efforts have conducted comprehensive studies on decision optimization and mechanism design strategies for the retail electricity market. However, the current strategies did not consider the specific features and advantages of digital retail platforms in depth. It is also necessary to have systematic evaluation systems to provide references for the optimization and design of retail electricity markets, which also help improve the operation performance and risk management capability. Additionally, current monitoring and evaluation approaches for electricity market operation mainly focus on the wholesale side, which might not be suitable for retail electricity markets.
Therefore, to further improve the operational efficiency of retail electricity markets toward low-carbon transition, it is necessary to carry out further research in the following aspects:
1) It is necessary to conduct in-depth comparative analyses of the operational characteristics of wholesale and retail power markets and establish a quantitative and systematic evaluation index system for retail electricity markets so as to provide a basis for the optimal market mechanism design.
2) As the electricity retail platform has certain similarities with e-commerce platforms, such as TikTok and Amazon, it can refer to the operation and management strategies of existing e-commerce platforms and fully utilize those platform’s multi-dimensional data. This can help improve the operation and service levels of electricity retail trading platforms under low-carbon transition.
3) Since there are large numbers of players in retail electricity markets, which are diversified and large in scale, we can make better use of the artificial intelligence technology to conduct in-depth analyses of the market data, better understand the behavioral characteristics of various retail trading entities, improve the low-carbon operational efficiency, and enrich market service strategies.
Statements
Author contributions
XH: conceptualization, formal analysis, funding acquisition, methodology, project administration, resources, software, supervision, validation, writing–original draft, and writing–review and editing. WT: conceptualization, funding acquisition, project administration, supervision, writing–original draft, and writing–review and editing. YX: conceptualization, resources, software, validation, and writing–review and editing. WY: conceptualization, formal analysis, resources, supervision, and writing–review and editing. ZZ: formal analysis, investigation, resources, software, and writing–review and editing. YH: conceptualization, formal analysis, resources, software, and writing–review and editing. DX: conceptualization, formal analysis, investigation, project administration, software, supervision, writing–original draft, and writing–review and editing. YC: formal analysis, investigation, and writing–review and editing. RC: conceptualization, formal analysis, investigation, and writing–review and editing.
Funding
The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. The authors would like to acknowledge the support from the Science and Technology Project of Guangdong Power Exchange Center Co., Ltd (Project No. GDKJXM20222599).
Conflict of interest
Authors XH, WT, YX, WY, ZZ, and YH were employed by Guangdong Power Exchange Center Co., Ltd.
The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
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Summary
Keywords
retail electricity market, low carbon, operation strategy, evaluation method, risk management
Citation
Hu X, Tan W, Xie Y, Yang W, Zeng Z, Huang Y, Xiao D, Chi Y and Cheng R (2023) Operation and evaluation of digitalized retail electricity markets under low-carbon transition: recent advances and challenges. Front. Energy Res. 11:1324450. doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2023.1324450
Received
19 October 2023
Accepted
29 November 2023
Published
29 December 2023
Volume
11 - 2023
Edited by
Minglei Bao, Zhejiang University, China
Updates
Copyright
© 2023 Hu, Tan, Xie, Yang, Zeng, Huang, Xiao, Chi and Cheng.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Dongliang Xiao, dxiao@scut.edu.cn
Disclaimer
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