Elevating Solar Photovoltaic Performance: Dynamic Perturb and Observe Algorithm for Grid-Connected Converters

Kifayat Ullah¹Arsalan Muhammad Soomar²Viola Gierszewska²Shoaib Shaikh³Muhammad Ishaq^1*Piotr Musznicki²

• ¹Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Aversa, Italy
• ²Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Pomeranian, Poland
• ³Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan

Photovoltaic (PV) systems achieve optimal performance when operating at their maximum power point (MPP), adjusting dynamically to variations in solar irradiance and temperature. This study presents an enhanced Perturb and Observe (P&O) MPPT algorithm, developed in MATLAB®, and entirely tested under diverse operating conditions. The proposed system is implemented in a 5-kW double-stage PV system connected to an AC grid, featuring a boost converter in the first stage to maximize power extraction and an inverter with Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) control to ensure seamless grid integration. The effectiveness of the proposed MPPT controller is validated through extensive simulations under static and dynamic irradiance conditions, mismatched irradiance levels, low irradiance during golden hours, and grid discontinuities. The results demonstrate that the system maintains a high efficiency of 99.6%, with a rapid MPPT rise time of 35.6 ms, ensuring optimal energy capture with minimal power fluctuations. Moreover, the inverter output exhibits low Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and meets grid compliance standards under varying operational scenarios. A comparative analysis highlights the advantages of the proposed method over conventional MPPT techniques, particularly in maintaining stable power output during transient conditions and grid disturbances. The findings establish the robustness of the developed PV system, offering insights into its real-world applicability and future enhancements for intelligent energy management.