ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Mech. Eng.
Sec. Engine and Automotive Engineering
Volume 11 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fmech.2025.1612690
Particle Swarm Optimization of Type-2 Fuzzy Control for Regenerative Braking of Electric Vehicles
Provisionally accepted
- Shandong Huayu University of Technology, Dezhou, China
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Though extensively adopted in electric vehicles, regenerative braking control technology has primarily aimed at enhancing the efficiency of energy recuperation, the distribution of braking force for the front axle motor struggles to achieve an optimal balance between high energy recovery and vehicle stability. To address this issue, a regenerative braking control approach is developed using a model-based simulation framework with integrated fuzzy logic and optimization algorithms. By introducing a Type-2 fuzzy controller and Particle Swarm Optimization, the strategy significantly improves energy recovery efficiency while ensuring braking safety. Under the New European Driving Cycle conditions, the optimized strategy increases the driving range to 396 km under the same battery charge, achieving an approximately 15.8% increase in range. The regenerative braking ratio coefficient responds sensitively, with a dynamic range of 0.08-0.63 during the 600s operational time. Experimental results show that the proposed strategy effectively balances energy recovery and braking safety, providing a practical solution for improving electric vehicle braking control technology. This study contributes to the continuous advancement of energy-saving and emission-reduction technologies for electric vehicles, offering new insights into enhancing the overall vehicle economy and environmental friendliness.
Keywords: Simulink co-simulation, Type-2 fuzzy control, Particle Swarm Optimization, Electric Vehicles, regenerative braking, energy recovery
Received: 16 Apr 2025; Accepted: 25 Jul 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Liu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Chunhui Liu, Shandong Huayu University of Technology, Dezhou, China
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