Abstract
In the realm of rare cardiac tumors, intimal sarcoma presents a formidable challenge, often requiring innovative treatment approaches. This case report presents a unique instance of primary intimal sarcoma in the left atrium, underscoring the critical role of genomic profiling in guiding treatment. Initial genomic testing unveiled a somatic, active mutation in PDGFRβ (PDGFRβ N666K), accompanied by MDM2 and CDK4 amplifications. This discovery directed the treatment course toward pazopanib, a PDGFRβ inhibitor, following irradiation. The patient’s response was remarkable, with the therapeutic efficacy of pazopanib lasting for 16.3 months. However, the patient experienced a recurrence in the left atrium, where subsequent genomic analysis revealed the absence of the PDGFRβ N666K mutation and a significant reduction in PDGFRβ expression. This case report illustrates the complexities and evolving nature of cardiac intimal sarcoma treatment, emphasizing the potential of PDGFRβ signaling as a strategic target and highlighting the importance of adapting treatment pathways in response to genetic shifts.
1 Introduction
Primary cardiac tumors are rare, with an incidence of 0.001%–0.003% worldwide (1), and intimal sarcoma is the most frequent subtype of cardiac sarcoma (2). Intimal sarcoma occurs in the innermost layer of large vessels, such as the pulmonary arteries. The clinical outcome is poor, with a median survival of only 12–13 months after radical surgery (3); thus, the development of effective treatment for intimal sarcoma is an unmet need. Gene profiling analyses of intimal sarcoma revealed that MDM2 amplification and/or overexpression is frequently detected and is now considered one of the criteria for diagnosing intimal sarcoma (2). Moreover, a previous case report suggested that PDGFRβ may be involved in the tumorigenesis of intimal sarcoma (4). However, organized data on genetic findings of cardiac intimal sarcoma are limited.
2 Case description
A 45-year-old male patient, experiencing constitutional symptoms including palpitations and cough for four months, was admitted to Kanazawa University Hospital. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed a 5-cm-sized mass in the left atrium, possibly adhering to the mitral valve leaflets (Figure 1A). This mass resulted in pulmonary hypertension and low cardiac output. Emergent surgical excision of the mass was performed (Figure 1B), and pathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of intimal sarcoma in the left atrium, characterized by MDM2 amplification and overexpression (Figures 1C–E).
Figure 1
Subsequently, the patient developed brain metastasis and underwent two sessions of Gamma Knife therapy. Despite these treatments, multiple bone metastases emerged, necessitating chemotherapy with doxorubicin, followed by eribulin. Although these regimens effectively controlled the bone metastases, a new lesion appeared in the left tailor muscle. A biopsy of this muscle mass was performed for comprehensive genomic testing. Histological analysis confirmed the left tailor muscle tumor as a metastatic intimal sarcoma, also displaying MDM2 overexpression (Figures 1F, G). The patient underwent palliative radiation therapy (60 Gy) targeting the left tailor muscle metastasis and continued with eribulin therapy. However, the thoracolumbar and sternal metastases progressed, manifesting as new lesions.
Genomic testing of the left tail muscle metastasis revealed the presence of PDGFRβ N666K mutation, along with the amplification of MDM2 and CDK4, both located on the long arm of chromosome 12 (Figure 1H). The PDGFRβ N666K had an allele frequency of 35.9%, and the copy numbers for MDM2 and CDK4 were 8.48 and 9.09, respectively. Due to pain resulting from the thoracolumbar and sternal metastases, the patient underwent external irradiation (30 Gy). Pazopanib, a sarcoma-approved drug active against PDGFRs, was initiated as a third-line treatment. Prior to the induction of pazopanib, the patient had several irradiated lesions, including metastases in the brain, left tailor muscle, sternum, and thoracolumbar spine, and a non-irradiated left adrenal metastasis. Pazopanib demonstrated a favorable and prolonged effect without requiring dose reduction, with the only side effect being a change in hair color. Unfortunately, 16.3 months after pazopanib initiation, a local recurrence in the left atrium was observed. For non-brain metastatic lesions, the relapse-free survival period was 619 days (Figure 2).
Figure 2
Salvage surgery was performed to remove the recurrent lesion, but local recurrence was detected after one and a half months. Owing to the inability to undergo another surgery, the patient received palliative radiation therapy for the treatment of a recurrent lesion in the left atrium (Supplementary Figure 1A). Further genomic testing on the left atrium recurrence sample (Table 1) resulted in the establishment of a patient-derived cell line from this sample, after obtaining the ethical review approval and patient consent (Supplementary Figure 1B). The recurrent lesion lacked the PDGFRβ N666K mutation and showed minimal PDGFRβ expression, in contrast to the clear PDGFRβ positivity observed in the primary and left tail muscle metastasis lesions (Supplementary Figures 2A-C).
Table 1
| Detected Gene alterations | VAF or Copy number | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st NGS | 2nd NGS | |
| PDGFRβ N666K | 35.9% | Not detected |
| MDM2 amplification | CN 8.48 | CN 33.5 |
| CDK4 amplification | CN 9.09 | CN 7.07 |
| CDKN2A loss | Not detected | Detected |
| TP53 A198V | 47.5% | 50.1% |
Difference between first genomic test results and second genomic test results by next-generation sequencing.
NGS, next-generation sequencing; VAF, variant allele frequency; CN, copy number.
Subsequently, new metastatic lesions developed in the right atrium and the greater curvature of the stomach. The patient received palliative radiotherapy to prevent sudden death and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Ultimately, disease progression occurred 44.6 months after the initial surgery.
3 Discussion
This case of cardiac intimal sarcoma with the PDGFRβ N666K mutation provides significant insights into the molecular landscape of this rare tumor type. Neuville et al.’s study on 42 cardiac intimal sarcomas reported MDM2 overexpression and MDM2/CDK4 amplification (2). Additionally, PDGFRβ mutations, found in 15.3% of patients with intimal sarcomas, have been linked to oncogenesis in mesenchymal tumors (4–6). Notably, PDGFRβ D850V, M772V, R709H, and E472D mutations in intimal sarcoma have been previously documented (4, 5, 7). However, the PDGFRβ N666K mutation detected in our patient is the first instance in intimal sarcoma, underscoring its novelty and importance.
The oncogenic role of the PDGFRβ signaling pathway is further supported by the response of PDGFRβ N666K-transfected Ba/F3 cells to inhibitors like imatinib, nilotinib, or ponatinib, and its ability to induce cancer in vivo (6). The presence of PDGFRβ N666K in the primary lesion and the left tail muscle metastasis, as evidenced by the clear PDGFRβ positivity on the cell membrane (Supplementary Figures 2A, B), suggests that these lesions were driven by this mutation. However, the recurrence’s resistance to pazopanib and the lack of PDGFRβ N666K mutation therein indicate a complex and evolving tumor biology.
Table 2 compares the efficacy of pazopanib in the present patient with those used in previous case reports (8–11). Results showed a significantly longer progression-free survival and better response, suggesting that PDGFRβ mutations may be a viable therapeutic target. However, the CDK4 amplification and loss of CDKN2A observed in the recurrent lesion, coupled with increased sensitivity to abemaciclib, a CDK4/6 inhibitor, over pazopanib (Supplementary Figure 1C), highlight the necessity for tailored treatment approaches (12, 13). Although MDM2 acts as a negative regulator of TP53 by promoting its degradation and inhibiting tumor suppressor activity, the presence of TP53 mutations complicates the therapeutic landscape. Even if MDM2 inhibitors successfully block the MDM2-TP53 interaction, they are incapable of restoring TP53 function due to these underlying TP53 alterations. Regrettably, the presence of a TP53 pathogenic variant precluded participation in studies involving MDM2 inhibitors such as milademetan (14), further emphasizing the need for a focus on alternative pathways influencing the cell cycle, specifically through CDK4 amplification and CDKN2A loss, as pivotal resistance mechanisms.
Table 2
| Authors | Age (years)/sex | Gene alteration | Line of pazopanib | Response rate | Progression-free survival |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Funatsu et al. (8) | 71/F | Not reported | 2nd | PR | 2.0 months |
| Kollar et al. (9) | 67.2* M/F 1/1 | Not reported | 2nd | PR | Not reported |
| Sai et al. (10) | 33/F | Not reported | 1st | SD | 5.8 months |
| Frezza et al. (11) | 51* M/F 7/5 | Not reported | 1st/2nd/further 1/3/8 | PR/SD/PD 1/4/7 | 3.7* months |
| Present case | 46/M | PDGFRβN666K | 3rd | CR | 16.3 months |
Efficacy of pazopanib as treatment for intimal sarcoma in the present and previous case reports.
*Median number.
CR, complete response; PR, partial response; SD, stable disease; PD, progressive disease.
Our study has some limitations. Pazopanib is a multi-kinase inhibitor, which could obscure the specific impact of the drug on the PDGFRβ N666K mutation (10). Furthermore, as four lesions, excluding the left adrenal metastasis, had undergone irradiation before pazopanib administration, the distinct effect of the drug on these lesions remains uncertain.
4 Conclusion
This case highlights the potential of precision medicine for cardiac intimal sarcoma, showcasing the benefits of genomic testing in identifying specific alterations such as PDGFRβ N666K, MDM2 amplification, and CDK4 amplification. The prolonged efficacy observed with pazopanib following irradiation in a PDGFRβ N666K-positive patient emphasizes the potential of targeted therapies in improving the prognosis of patients with cardiac intimal sarcoma. This case report underscores the evolving nature of cancer treatment and the necessity for individualized therapeutic strategies.
Statements
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.
Ethics statement
Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.
Author contributions
AN: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. SS: Writing – review & editing. HS: Writing – review & editing. HK: Writing – review & editing. KY: Writing – review & editing. KO: Writing – review & editing. KM: Writing – review & editing. HI: Writing – review & editing. KI: Writing – review & editing. HT: Writing – review & editing. ST: Writing – review & editing.
Funding
The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This work was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI Grant Number 20K08516 to ST.
Acknowledgments
We thank the patient and his family for providing informed consent for the processing of his data for this publication. Additionally, we thank SRL Co., Ltd. for providing the sequence data for PDGFRβ N666K.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Supplementary material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2024.1362347/full#supplementary-material
Supplementary Figure 1The radiographic findings of the local recurrence in the left atrium and the experiment using the recurrence tissue. (A) The yellow arrowheads indicated the recurrence lesions. These lesions responded to palliative radiotherapy. (B) The appearance of the cell line established from the recurrence tissue. (C) The sensitivity of the patient-derived cell line to pazopanib or abemaciclib was determined through cell viability assays.
Supplementary Figure 2Immunohistochemistry staining of PDGFRβ (Cell Signaling Technology; PDGF Receptor β (C82A3) Rabbit mAb #4564). (A) The primary lesion exhibited an adequate expression of PDGFRβ. (B) The left tailor muscle metastasis lesion demonstrated a high expression of PDGFRβ. (C) The local recurrence lesion in the left atrium had a low expression of PDGFRβ.
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Summary
Keywords
intimal sarcoma, PDGFRβ N666K mutation, precision oncology, MDM2 amplification, CDK4 amplification
Citation
Nishiyama A, Sato S, Sakaguchi H, Kotani H, Yamashita K, Ohtsubo K, Mizuguchi K, Ikeda H, Iino K, Takemura H and Takeuchi S (2024) Case report: Navigating treatment pathways for cardiac intimal sarcoma with PDGFRβ N666K mutation. Front. Oncol. 14:1362347. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1362347
Received
28 December 2023
Accepted
25 March 2024
Published
05 April 2024
Volume
14 - 2024
Edited by
Reto Asmis, Wake Forest University, United States
Reviewed by
Numrah Fadra, Mayo Clinic, United States
Bjorn Cools, University Hospital Leuven, Belgium
Updates
Copyright
© 2024 Nishiyama, Sato, Sakaguchi, Kotani, Yamashita, Ohtsubo, Mizuguchi, Ikeda, Iino, Takemura and Takeuchi.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Akihiro Nishiyama, an0510@staff.kanazawa-u.ac.jp; Shinji Takeuchi, takeuchi@staff.kanazawa-u.ac.jp
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.