Abstract
Background:
Dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLPS) is a rare mesenchymal cancer originating from the adipose tissue, with poor survival rates for most patients, highlighting the critical need for novel treatment options.
Case description:
This report examines the efficacy and safety of sequential pre-treatment with the marine-derived alkaloid trabectedin followed by checkpoint inhibition using the anti-PD-1 antibody nivolumab in a 63-year-old male patient with unresectable retroperitoneal DDLPS. Treatment was initiated at the time of the seventh relapse as part of the NitraSarc phase 2 multicenter trial for inoperable soft tissue sarcoma conducted by the German Interdisciplinary Sarcoma Group (GISG-15, NCT03590210). The patient demonstrated an immediate tumor response, and in combination with minor surgery, achieved R0 resection status, which was subsequently maintained without the need for further therapy for the past 52 months. Correlative molecular analyses revealed a sustained DNA damage repair machinery and downregulation of PD-1 protein expression in post-treatment tumor samples.
Conclusion:
This report provides exemplary insight on the feasibility and efficacy of sequential pre-treatment with trabectedin as a priming strategy for PD-1 inhibition in advanced DDLPS. Full trial results from NitraSarc are pending for publication.
Introduction
Dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLPS) is a rare but aggressive variant of soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) that can occasionally arise in the retroperitoneum, accounting for approximately 10% of all liposarcomas (LPS) (). Therapeutic strategies for DDLPS generally employ a multimodal approach, including primary surgery, radiation therapy, and anthracycline-based chemotherapy (). Although novel targeted therapies have been introduced, they have yet failed to demonstrate an improvement in overall survival (OS) and prognosis for DDLPS patients remains poor, with a 5-year OS estimated at around 30%. This underscores the critical need for innovative therapeutic strategies to improve clinical outcomes ().
In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) have significantly advanced the treatment of many solid tumors, sparking growing interest in exploring their role in DDLPS. Several clinical trials have investigated the efficacy of anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies in selected STS subtypes, administered as monotherapy (, ) or in combination with chemotherapeutics (, ), targeted agents (, ), or anti-CTLA-4 antibodies (, ). These studies however have shown limited activity (Table 1), indicating that further research is warranted to better understand the molecular characteristics and optimal combination strategies that may enhance treatment efficacy.
Table 1
| Treatment | n | Design | Dosing | Response | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nivolumab (N) + Trabectedin (Trab) | STS: n=92 LPS: n=15 | phase-2 | Trab: 1.5mg/m² q3wk + N: 240mg q2wk (≥c4:LCC, ≥c2:ECC) | 6-mos-PFS: 48% (LPS, LMS) mPFS 5.5 mos (LPS, LMS) | () |
| Nivolumab (N) | STS: n=21 LPS: n=8 | phase-2 | N: 240mg q2wk | ORR: 0% mPFS: 1.4 (1.4-2.8) mos 6-mos-OS: 86% | () |
| Pembrolizumab (P) | STS: n=80 LPS: n=10 | phase-2 | P: 200mg q3wk | ORR: 20% (LPS) CBR: 60% (LPS) mPFS: 6.3 mos (LPS) | () |
| Pembrolizumab (P) + doxorubicin (Dox) | STS: n=37 LPS: n=5 | phase-1/2 | P: 200mg q3wk + Dox: 45 vs. 75mg/m2 q3wk (c2-7) | ORR: 19% CBR: 54% mPFS: 8.1 mos 12-week PFS: 81% | () |
| Pembrolizumab (P) + cyclophosphamide (Cy) | STS: n=57 LPS: n=5 | phase-2 | P: 200mg q3wk + Cy: 50mg BID (1wk on/off) | ORR: 6% mPFS: 1.4 mos | () |
| Pembrolizumab (P) + epacadostat (E) | STS: n=30 LPS: n=3 | phase-2 | P: 200mg q3wk + E: 100mg BID | ORR: 3% mPFS: 1.7 mos | () |
| Pembrolizumab (P) + eribulin (Eri) | STS: n=57 LPS: n=20 | phase-2 | P: 200mg q3wk + Eri: 1.4mg/m2 (d1 + 8) | ORR: 15% (LPS) CBR: 75% (LPS) 12-week PFS: 70% (LPS) | () |
| Durvalumab (D) + tremelimumab (T) | STS: n=57 LPS= n=6 | phase-2 | c1-4: D: 1500mg + T: 75mg q4wk ≥c5: D: 1500mg q4wk | ORR 12% 12-week PFS: 49% | () |
| Durvalumab (D) + tremelimumab (T) vs. doxorubcin (Dox) | STS: n=53 vs. n=39 | phase-3 | D: 1500mg q4wk + T: 75mg 3x q4wk (≥c4 q12wk) vs. Dox 75mg/m2 6x q3wk | ORR: 9% vs. 13% mPFS 2.7 vs. 2.8 mos mOS: 17.4 vs. 12,5 mos | () |
Review of clinical trials investigating immune checkpoint inhibition in advanced soft-tissue sarcoma.
STS, soft-tissue sarcoma; LPS, liposarcoma; LMS, leiomyosarcoma; q2wk, every two weeks; BID,twice daily; LCC, late combination cohort; ECC, early combination cohort; mPFS, median progression-free survival; mos, months; ORR, overall response rate; CBR, clinical benefit rate; mOS, median overall survival.
In this case study, we investigated the hypothesis that pre-treatment with the marine-derived alkaloid trabectedin could prime the sarcoma microenvironment for enhanced responsiveness to subsequent PD-1 inhibition in a patient with advanced and unresectable DDLPS.
Case description
We investigated this rationale in a 63-year old male patient diagnosed with DDLPS of the retroperitoneum, who subsequently underwent upfront surgery resulting in an R1 resection (Figure 1A). The tumor was classified as pT2b, pN0, M0 according to TNM classification, and FNCLCC grade 3 + 3 + 0 = 6 with confirmed positivity for MDM2 and CDK4 by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The patient received adjuvant chemotherapy with ifosfamide and doxorubicin, along with radiation therapy; however, this treatment had to be discontinued after three cycles due to severe dose-limiting hematotoxicity. The patient remained in remission until the first relapse at 23 months. During this relapse, resection of a tumor mass proximal to the mesenteric root led to R1 status and prompted a second-look laparotomy, which involved wedge resection of the cecal wall, partial resection of the peritoneum, and removal of a tumorous lymph node from the hepatoduodenal ligament.
Figure 1
At month 26, a novel mass was detected on the ventral side of the inferior vena cava. The patient underwent tumor debulking and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC), however, a third abdominal relapse occurred shortly after at month 32. This led to a fifth and sixth debulking surgery, which, despite partial resection of the ileum and ileo-transversostomy, resulted in an R2 resection status. At this point, palliative options were thoroughly discussed with the patient, and it was decided to initiate study treatment within the NitraSarc trial, a phase-2 multicenter study for inoperable soft-tissue sarcoma conducted by the German Interdisciplinary Sarcoma Group (GISG-15, NCT03590210) ().
In this trial, trabectedin was administered at a dose of 1.5 mg/m² over 24 hours every three weeks (q3w) for cycles 1-3, with nivolumab (240 mg) added on the same schedule starting from cycle 4. During cycle 1, while still receiving single-agent trabectedin, the patient developed clinical signs of a mechanical ileus, necessitating the placement of a venting percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy for palliation. Despite this setback, and recognizing the lack of alternative treatment options, the patient continued with the study therapy, leading to rapid improvement in clinical symptoms. CT staging revealed disease stabilization with a slight tumor regression of -26% after three cycles of single-agent trabectedin. Following an additional four cycles of combined trabectedin and checkpoint inhibition, the response deepened to a partial response (-86%) according to RECIST 1.1.
Throughout subsequent treatment cycles, the patient continued to benefit from the therapy. Trabectedin was discontinued after eleven cycles due to ongoing infectious complications. Given the excellent remission status at that point, we decided to continue with single-agent nivolumab q3w as a maintenance strategy. After three more cycles, CT staging detected a new tumorous nodule within the peritoneum. In response, single-agent trabectedin was re-started, and a re-laparotomy with tumor resection via jejuno-jejunostomy was performed. These interventions resulted in an R0 resection, marking the first successful R0 status achieved at 60 months post-initial diagnosis. In light of this outstanding result, no additional treatment was initiated. The patient has currently no evidence of disease (NED) and has been living with DDLPS for 9.3 years, including the past 4.3 years without any treatment.
Discussion
Our experience on the efficacy and durability of combined trabectedin and checkpoint inhibition in a patient with advanced and unresectable DDLPS complements prior findings from the SARC028 study (NCT02301039). This phase-2 clinical trial investigated the efficacy of the anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody pembrolizumab in patients with metastatic or surgically inoperable, locally advanced soft tissue sarcoma (n=80, including n=10 with LPS) (). In the SARC028 trial, only partial responses were observed in a minority of LPS patients (2/10 = 20%), with a median progression-free survival (PFS) of 25 weeks and a 12-week PFS of 60% across the entire subgroup. Initial results from another phase-2 study, evaluating the anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody nivolumab in 23 patients (including n=8 with LPS), reported no clinical responses, resulting in a poor median PFS of only 1.4 months (). Preliminary efficacy data from the NitraSarc trial were recently disclosed in an interim analysis after a median follow-up of 16.6 months (). The median PFS in this analysis was 5.5 months in the LPS and leiomyosarcoma subgroup, compared to 2.3 months in patients with non-L-sarcomas (pleomorphic, spindle cell, fibromyxoid, synovial, and epithelial sarcomas), with corresponding median OS of 18.7 and 5.6 months, respectively. While these preliminary results do not support further investigation of trabectedin/nivolumab in non-L-sarcomas, it is noteworthy that the presented case demonstrated an exceptional response duration, even within the L-sarcoma subgroup.
Given that most LPS patients do not respond to checkpoint inhibition, these findings underscore the unmet clinical need to better characterize patients with anti-PD-1-responsive subtypes. In the SARC028 trial, objective responses were exclusively observed in patients with high PD-1 expression on tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages (). It has been suggested that soft-tissue sarcomas with an unbalanced karyotype and high mutational load may elicit more effective immune responses (). Additionally, genetically complex sarcomas like DDLPS are often characterized by the expression of multiple neoantigens, which can enhance responses from tumor-infiltrating T cells (). Both the re-exposure to neoantigens and the eradication of M2 macrophages within the tumor microenvironment have been proposed as potential mechanisms associated with trabectedin therapy in sarcoma patients (), possibly contributing to the therapeutic effect observed in our patient, and warrant validation as prospective biomarkers for trabectedin/checkpoint inhibitor response.
In alignment with these findings, a recent study conducted by the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) consortium indicated that overexpression of PD-1 and PD-L1, along with an increased number of infiltrating T and NK cells, may predict a favorable response to checkpoint inhibition (). Furthermore, an immune infiltration score, characterized by a high level of copy-number aberrations, increased interferon-gamma signaling, and the expression of exhaustion markers such as TIM-3, has recently been established to facilitate standardized screening for patients with checkpoint inhibitor-responsive disease.
As in our patient neither data on mutational burden nor next-generation sequencing were available, we performed IHC analysis of representative specimen before and after trabectedin treatment which both showed retained expression for the mismatch repair proteins MLH1, PMS1, MSH2 and MSH6. Furthermore, we characterized the rather mild inflammatory infiltrate, which showed increased T-lymphocytes (CD5/CD3 positive) near the invasion front of the tumor, whereas centrally in the tumor only few T-lymphocytes could be found. These T-lymphocytes were mostly characterized by high CD8 but low CD4 expression. Representative images for MLH1, CD4, CD5 and CD8 stains are displayed in Figure 1B. PD-1 staining revealed a minor fraction of intratumoral PD1 positive lymphocytes. 2% of tumor cells were positive for PD-L1 before versus <1% after treatment, this potentially conferring to the treatment efficacy observed in our patient. Due to spatial heterogeneity within the biopsies, quantification of T-lymphocytes was generally difficult and corresponded to a maximum effector:target ratio of 1:20 cells at both time points.
While our report presents valuable findings, it is important to acknowledge factors that may have contributed to the excellent outcome observed in our patient. Notably, our patient did not have distant metastases and was able to receive advanced treatment options, including HIPEC therapy, which are not available at many institutions. Moreover, our patient had only undergone three cycles of doxorubicin and ifosfamide without the addition of other chemotherapeutic agents. This limited exposure may have conferred a higher sensitivity to chemotherapy at the time of trabectedin treatment as compared to many other cases of DDLPS. However, this observation also highlights the potential benefit of administering trabectedin earlier in the treatment course, possibly as part of a maintenance strategy following doxorubicin-trabectedin based induction therapy. This approach is supported by recent findings from the pivotal phase-3 LMS-04 trial (NCT02997358), which demonstrated a median OS benefit of 33 vs. 24 months (hazard ratio 0.65, 95% CI, 0.44-0.95) for trabectedin-doxorubicin as compared to single-agent doxorubicin in chemotherapy-naïve patients with metastatic leiomyosarcoma (). It is worth noting that the recent patent expiration of trabectedin may also increase accessibility for such strategies to provide improved efficacy while maintaining cost effectiveness.
Conclusion
In summary, there remains an unmet clinical need for enhanced molecular characterization to more accurately identify sarcoma patients likely to benefit from checkpoint inhibitor-based immunotherapies. While the final results of the NitraSarc trial are still pending publication, our findings demonstrate the feasibility and potential efficacy of sequential pre-treatment with trabectedin followed by PD-1 inhibition in achieving long-term disease control in a patient with advanced and unresectable DDLPS.
Statements
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Ethics statement
The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee at Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, approval number “AZ 146/18_b”. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.
Author contributions
JW: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. LH: Data curation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – review & editing. CR: Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing. CD: Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing. MZ: Writing – review & editing, Data curation, Investigation, Resources. AHei: Writing – review & editing, Methodology, Visualization. PRa: Writing – review & editing, Data curation, Investigation, Resources. MR: Writing – review & editing, Data curation, Investigation, Resources. AHen: Investigation, Resources, Writing – review & editing. JL: Writing – review & editing, Data curation, Investigation, Resources. VB: Writing – review & editing, Data curation, Investigation, Resources, Visualization. AR: Resources, Writing – review & editing, Data curation, Investigation, Visualization. HE: Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing, Funding acquisition, Resources. PRe: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing – review & editing, Methodology. VK: Conceptualization, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing. AW: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing, Supervision. DP: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Writing – review & editing. KK: Data curation, Investigation, Resources, Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft.
Funding
The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank R. Rüth, M. Krebs and R. Dunkel from University of Würzburg/Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken (CCCM) for administrative support with this study. Funding was provided by BMS and Pharmamar as part of the clinical trial sponsoring of the NitraSarc/ GISG-15 trial.
Conflict of interest
JW: Consultancy work for PharmaMar, CKWD: Honoraria from PharmaMar. PRe: Honoraria for Bayer, Novartis, Deciphera, PharmaMar, GSK, Boehringer Ingelheim, Consultancy work for Deciphera, PharmaMar, Boehringer Ingelheim. DP: Consultancy work for PharmaMar, Deciphera, Boehringer Ingelheim, Research funding from Bristol-Myers Squibb, PharmaMar, Roche and EUSA Pharma.
The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.
Generative AI statement
The author(s) declare that no Generative AI was used in the creation of this manuscript.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Abbreviations
BID, twice daily; CBR, clinical benefit rate; CR, complete remission; CT, computed tomography; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; DDLPS, dedifferentiated liposarcoma; ECC, early combination cohort; FNCLCC, Fédération Nationale des Centres de Lutte Contre Le Cancer; GISG, German Interdisciplinary Sarcoma Group; HIPEC, intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemoperfusion; Ifo-Doxo, ifosfamide-doxorubicin; LCC, late combination cohort; LMS, Leiomyosarcoma; LPS, Liposarcoma; MLH1, MutL protein homolog 1; mAb, monoclonal antibodies; mos, Months; mOS, median overall survival; mPFS, median progression-free survival; Nivo, Nivolumab; NK cells, natural killer cells; ORR, overall response rate; OS, overall survival; PD-1, programmed death receptor 1; PEG, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy; PFS, progression-free survival; q2w, every two weeks; q3w, every three weeks; R0/R1/R2, surgery performed resulting in R0/R1/R2 resection status; RECIST, Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors; Rx, radiation therapy; SARC028, Sarcoma Alliance for Research through Collaboration 028 Study; STS, soft-tissue sarcoma; TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas consortium; TIM-3, T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3; Tox, Hematotoxicity; Trab, trabectedin.
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Summary
Keywords
sarcoma, dedifferentiated liposarcoma, checkpoint inhibition, PD-1, immune microenvironment
Citation
Waldschmidt JM, Haug L, Riedhammer C, Deinzer CKW, Zimmermann M, Heidemeier A, Raab P, Rudert M, Hendricks A, Lock JF, Buck V, Rosenwald A, Einsele H, Reichardt P, Kunzmann V, Wiegering A, Pink D and Kortüm KM (2025) Long-term disease control in dedifferentiated liposarcoma: a case report on trabectedin priming followed by PD-1 inhibition. Front. Oncol. 14:1518775. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1518775
Received
28 October 2024
Accepted
16 December 2024
Published
16 January 2025
Volume
14 - 2024
Edited by
Robert J. Canter, University of California, Davis, United States
Reviewed by
Sean J. Judge, University of California, Davis, United States
Alicia Gingrich, University of Nevada, Reno, United States
Updates
Copyright
© 2025 Waldschmidt, Haug, Riedhammer, Deinzer, Zimmermann, Heidemeier, Raab, Rudert, Hendricks, Lock, Buck, Rosenwald, Einsele, Reichardt, Kunzmann, Wiegering, Pink and Kortüm.
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*Correspondence: K. Martin Kortüm, kortuem_m@ukw.de
†These authors have contributed equally to this work and share last authorship
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.