Abstract
Background:
Gastric adenosquamous carcinoma (ASC) is an exceedingly rare neoplasm. Its infrequent occurrence has resulted in sparse literature on its diagnosis and management, presenting considerable challenges for clinical practice.
Case presentation:
A 70-year-old male presented with epigastric pain and, upon gastroscopy and CT imaging, was found to have a mass in the gastric antrum. Histopathological analysis confirmed the diagnosis of adenosquamous carcinoma. Immunohistochemical staining revealed a loss of PMS2 and MLH-1 expression, while molecular analysis confirmed MLH-1 methylation, suggesting a microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) phenotype. The PD-L1 combined positive score (CPS) was remarkably elevated at 80. Postoperatively, the patient received six cycles of oxaliplatin in conjunction with PD-1 inhibitor therapy. At the one-year follow-up, the patient remained in long-term remission, with no evidence of recurrence.
Conclusion:
This case underscores the potential efficacy of integrating surgery, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy in managing gastric ASC, particularly in the context of MSI-H and elevated PD-L1 expression. It further emphasizes the critical role of comprehensive molecular profiling in guiding personalized therapeutic strategies for such rare malignancies. Further research and additional case reports are imperative to establish optimal management protocols for gastric ASC and to enhance long-term outcomes.
Introduction
Gastric cancer is among the most prevalent malignancies globally, with disproportionately high incidence and mortality rates in East Asia (1). With the development of technology, the internet of things (IOT) has brought significant efficacy and new opportunities for the surgical treatment of gastric cancer, which is the future trend of radical gastric cancer surgery (2, 3). Histologically, gastric cancer encompasses various subtypes, with adenocarcinoma being the predominant form, whereas squamous cell carcinoma remains relatively uncommon. Adenosquamous carcinoma (ASC), a neoplasm comprising both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma components, is exceptionally rare, constituting less than 0.5% of all gastric cancers (4). This tumor exhibits complex biological behavior and is typically associated with a poor prognosis (5).
Owing to its rarity, the literature on the diagnosis and treatment of gastric adenosquamous carcinoma remains sparse. Clinical management frequently depends on treatment paradigms derived from conventional gastric cancer cases (4). In recent years, notable advancements in gastric cancer treatment have emerged, particularly with the advent of immunotherapy, including PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, alongside traditional surgical and chemotherapeutic approaches (6). Several potential biomarkers, such as Combined Positive Score (CPS), deficient mismatch repair (dMMR), and Epstein-Barr virus-encoded small RNA (EBER), have been identified to guide immunotherapy applications (7). Emerging studies indicate that gastric adenosquamous carcinoma may present with elevated CPS scores and dMMR, providing new therapeutic avenues for this rare malignancy (8).
This case report presents the diagnostic and therapeutic course of a 70-year-old male diagnosed with gastric adenosquamous carcinoma. Postoperative histopathology confirmed a moderately differentiated neoplasm comprising both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma components, accompanied by immunohistochemical loss of PMS2 and MLH-1 expression, alongside MLH-1 gene methylation. The patient subsequently received adjuvant chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy (oxaliplatin and sintilimab), ultimately achieving long-term remission. Through a detailed analysis of this case, we aim to elucidate the diagnostic challenges, the influence of molecular characteristics on treatment.
Case presentation
A 70-year-old male presented with mild epigastric pain, first noted two months prior to admission. CT imaging revealed thickening of the gastric wall in the antrum, with marked contrast enhancement (Figure 1A). Gastroscopy demonstrated an irregular, ulcerative lesion in the gastric antrum, characterized by poorly defined borders and surface bleeding (Figure 1B). Biopsy confirmed squamous cell carcinoma, while serum tumor markers (CEA, CA199, CA125, CA724, AFP) were within normal ranges. The patient subsequently underwent laparoscopic distal gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy. Intraoperatively, a 7 cm tumor was identified on the lesser curvature of the gastric antrum, extending through the serosa and adherent to the transverse mesocolon.
Figure 1
Postoperative histopathology revealed a tumor composed of 80% squamous cell carcinoma and 20% adenocarcinoma, both of which were moderately differentiated (Figures 2A–C). The tumor infiltrated the full thickness of the gastric wall and involved adjacent vasculature and nerves, with negative surgical margins and metastasis to 1 of 23 lymph nodes. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated CK8/18 (Figure 2D) and CKp expression in adenocarcinoma, CK5/6(Figure 2E) and p40 (Figure 2F) expression in the squamous cell carcinoma, and a PD-L1 (Figure 2G) CPS score of 80. The tumor exhibited loss of MLH-1 (Figure 2H) and PMS2 (Figure 2I) expression, while HER2 and EBER testing returned negative results (Supplementary Materials 1). P53 showed mutant phenotype (Supplementary Materials 1). Further molecular analysis confirmed MLH-1 methylation (Supplementary Materials 2), indicating that the MSI-H status was attributable to this methylation (Supplementary Materials 3). Therefore, Lynch syndrome was excluded. Postoperatively, the patient received 6 cycles of chemotherapy with oxaliplatin and sintilimab and remained disease-free at the one-year follow-up.
Figure 2
Discussion
Gastric adenosquamous carcinoma is an exceedingly rare malignancy, most frequently localized in the distal third of the stomach. It is characterized by the presence of both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma components, with the squamous component comprising more than 25%. Diagnosis is dependent on histopathological evaluation and immunohistochemical staining to distinguish between the two cellular components (9). The adenocarcinoma component typically displays glandular architecture, while the squamous cell carcinoma exhibits classical features such as keratinization and intercellular bridges. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrates CK8/18 and CKp expression in adenocarcinoma, and CK5/6 and p40 expression in the squamous cell carcinoma component (10). In this case, both the histological morphology and immunophenotypic profile align with typical adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma features, providing robust evidence for the pathological diagnosis. By searching Pubmed, we found 2 articles on adenosquamous carcinoma of the digestive system with microsatellite instability and found cases described in English (Table 1) (11, 12). And Liu et al. demonstrated Microsatellite instability-high pancreas adenosquamous carcinoma with postoperative liver metastasis recurrence treated with multimodality therapy achieving complete pathological response (12).
Table 1
| Reference | Country | Age | Gender | Tumor Location | Primary Symptom(s) | Molecular Features | Treatment Modalities | Follow-Up (months) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rafael Parra-Medina et al. (11) | Colombia | 43 | Male | Ascending colon | Abdominal pain, hematochezia | MSI-H (MLH1/PMS2 loss) | Right hemicolectomy | NA | No survival data reported |
| Qinghua Liu et al. (12) | China | 48 | Male | Pancreatic head | Jaundice, weight loss | MSI-H (MLH1/PMS2 loss) | TACE+Gemcitabine/Albumin-paclitaxel+Sintilimab+Bevacizumab | 24 | Complete remission |
| Current | China | 70 | Male | Gastric antrum | Epigastric pain | MSI-H (MLH1/PMS2 loss+MLH1 Methylation) | Laparoscopic distal gastrectomy+Oxaliplatin (6 cycles) +Sintilimab | 12 | Disease-free survival |
Adenosquamous carcinoma of the digestive system with microsatellite instability.
Owing to its rarity, there is a lack of systematic research on gastric adenosquamous carcinoma, and its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Several hypotheses have been suggested: (1) malignant transformation of ectopic squamous epithelium in the gastric mucosa (13); (2) abnormal differentiation of gastric mucosal stem cells, which typically differentiate into function-specific tissues, resulting in concurrent transformation into both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma (14); (3) chronic gastritis, Helicobacter pylori infection, or prolonged chemical exposure (e.g., alcohol) may lead to abnormal epithelial regeneration and squamous metaplasia, eventually culminating in adenosquamous carcinoma (15). In summary, gastric adenosquamous carcinoma likely results from a multifactorial etiology, and further research is essential to elucidate its pathogenesis and provide more robust support for clinical diagnosis and therapeutic approaches.
Given its rarity, treatment strategies for gastric adenosquamous carcinoma frequently draw upon therapeutic approaches utilized for gastric adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Studies reviewing the clinical characteristics of gastric adenosquamous carcinoma suggest that radical surgery remains the preferred treatment for patients with early-stage or locally advanced disease. However, given the high rates of postoperative recurrence, adjuvant therapy is generally required. Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy is typically modeled on gastric adenocarcinoma protocols, such as oxaliplatin combined with fluoropyrimidine-based regimens like FOLFOX or XELOX (16). Platinum-based chemotherapy regimens have been shown to significantly prolong both disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with advanced-stage gastric adenosquamous carcinoma (5).
Immunotherapy, particularly PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, has garnered significant attention in treating MSI-H or dMMR tumors. Microsatellite instability (MSI) refers to alterations in repetitive microsatellite sequences arising from defects in DNA mismatch repair mechanisms, commonly associated with mutations or methylation of genes such as MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2. MSI is prevalent in numerous cancers, particularly colorectal and gastric adenocarcinomas (17). Notably, studies have yet to report an association between adenosquamous carcinoma and MSI-H. In several cancers, MSI-H or dMMR status is closely associated with elevated PD-L1 expression, and MSI-H/dMMR tumors often exhibit favorable responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors. In this case, the patient’s MSI-H status and elevated PD-L1 expression likely contributed to the favorable response to sintilimab (18).
Conclusion
This case report underscores the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges associated with gastric adenosquamous carcinoma, a rare and aggressive subtype of gastric cancer. Notably, the introduction of immunotherapy, in the setting of mismatch repair deficiency, facilitated a sustained remission. Future case reports, combined with advances in molecular pathology and personalized therapeutic strategies, are expected to further enhance the prognosis of gastric adenosquamous carcinoma.
Statements
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Ethics statement
The studies involving humans were approved by Medical Ethics Committee of the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. The manuscript presents research on animals that do not require ethical approval for their study. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.
Author contributions
PZ: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Validation. JY: Data Curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Visualization. YYL: Investigation, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing. QZ: Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Visualization, Writing – review & editing. CX: Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing. BZ: Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Writing – review & editing. YuL: Conceptualization, Writing – review & editing, Validation.
Funding
The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research and/or publication of this article. This research was supported by Gansu Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 21JR7RA427), and Cuiying Inovation Technology Foundation of Lanzhou University Second Hospital (Grant No. CY2021-QN-B08).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Generative AI statement
The author(s) verify and take full responsibility for the use of generative AI in the preparation of this manuscript.
The author(s) declare that Generative AI was used in the creation of this manuscript.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Supplementary material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2025.1516966/full#supplementary-material
References
1
DanpanichkulPSuparanKTothanarungrojPDejvajaraDRakwongKPangYet al. Epidemiology of gastrointestinal cancers: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Gut. (2024) 74(1):26–34. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2024-333227
2
MaSLiLYangCLiuBZhangXLiaoTet al. Advances in the application of robotic surgical systems to gastric cancer: A narrative review. Asian J Surg. (2023) 46(8):3027–32. doi: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2022.10.051
3
MulitaFVerrasGIAnagnostopoulosCNKotisK. A smarter health through the internet of surgical things. Sensors (Basel). (2022) 22(12):4577. doi: 10.3390/s22124577
4
AkceMJiangRAleseOBShaibWLWuCBeheraMet al. Gastric squamous cell carcinoma and gastric adenosquamous carcinoma, clinical features and outcomes of rare clinical entities: a National Cancer Database (NCDB) analysis. J Gastrointest Oncol. (2019) 10(1):85–94. doi: 10.21037/jgo.2018.10.06
5
ChenHShenCYinRYinYChenJHanLet al. Clinicopathological characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of primary gastric adenosquamous carcinoma. World J Surg Oncol. (2015) 13:136. doi: 10.1186/s12957-015-0554-1
6
ChongXMadetiYCaiJLiWCongLLuJet al. Recent developments in immunotherapy for gastrointestinal tract cancers. J Hematol Oncol. (2024) 17(1):65. doi: 10.1186/s13045-024-01578-x
7
MishimaSKawazoeANakamuraYSasakiAKotaniDKubokiYet al. Clinicopathological and molecular features of responders to nivolumab for patients with advanced gastric cancer. J Immunother Cancer. (2019) 7(1):24. doi: 10.1186/s40425-019-0514-3
8
WuCHLaiCLTengCJFangWLHuangKHFen-Yau LiAet al. Immunoprofile of adenosquamous carcinoma in gastric cancer. J Chin Med Assoc. (2023) 86(6):542–8. doi: 10.1097/JCMA.0000000000000922
9
SaitoSHosoyaYMorishimaKUiTHarutaHKurashinaKet al. A clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of gastric cancer with squamous cell carcinoma components: a clinically aggressive tumor. J Dig Dis. (2012) 13(8):407–13. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-2980.2012.00610.x
10
ShinJParkYS. Unusual or uncommon histology of gastric cancer. J Gastric Cancer. (2024) 24:69–88. doi: 10.5230/jgc.2024.24.e7
11
Parra-MedinaRLopez-CorreaPGutierrezVPoloF. Colonic adenosquamous carcinoma and mucinous adenocarcinoma with microsatellite instability. Malays J Pathol. (2018) 40(2):199–202.
12
LiuQLiRZhuWZhengP. Case report: Microsatellite instability-high pancreas adenosquamous carcinoma with postoperative liver metastasis recurrence treated with multimodality therapy achieving complete pathological response. Front Immunol. (2024) 15:1456343. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1456343
13
IwataESugimotoMAkimotoYHamadaMNiikuraRNagataNet al. Gastric squamous metaplasia observed by image-enhanced endoscopy. DEN Open. (2023) 3(1):e219. doi: 10.1002/deo2.v3.1
14
LeeSHWonYGibbsDCaldwellBGoldsteinAChoiEet al. Amphiregulin switches progenitor cell fate for lineage commitment during gastric mucosal regeneration. Gastroenterology. (2024) 167(3):469–84. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2024.03.009
15
GoldenringJRMillsJC. Cellular plasticity, reprogramming, and regeneration: metaplasia in the stomach and beyond. Gastroenterology. (2022) 162(2):415–30. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.10.036
16
DuYTianHChenZMaoGShenQJiangQet al. Analysis of clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis on primary gastric adenosquamous carcinoma. Sci Rep. (2024) 14(1):16198. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-66701-x
17
YamamotoHWatanabeYAraiHUmemotoKTateishiKSunakawaY. Microsatellite instability: A 2024 update. Cancer Sci. (2024) 115(6):1738–48. doi: 10.1111/cas.v115.6
18
PeiFWuJZhaoYHeWYaoQHuangMet al. Single-agent neoadjuvant immunotherapy with a PD-1 antibody in locally advanced mismatch repair-deficient or microsatellite instability-high colorectal cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer. (2023) 22(1):85–91. doi: 10.1016/j.clcc.2022.11.004
Summary
Keywords
long-term remission, microsatellite instability-high, adenosquamous carcinoma, gastric antrum, case report
Citation
Zhang P, Yang J, Liu Y, Zhou Q, Xue C, Zhang B and Li Y (2025) Long-term remission of microsatellite instability-high adenosquamous carcinoma in gastric antrum: a case report. Front. Oncol. 15:1516966. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1516966
Received
25 October 2024
Accepted
03 March 2025
Published
11 April 2025
Volume
15 - 2025
Edited by
Matiullah Khan, AIMST University, Malaysia
Reviewed by
Francesk Mulita, General Hospital of Eastern Achaia- Unit of Aigio, Greece
Fang Cao, Peking University, China
Updates
Copyright
© 2025 Zhang, Yang, Liu, Zhou, Xue, Zhang and Li.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Yumin Li, liym@lzu.edu.cn
†These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.