Chun-Sen Li
Yun-Xuan Zou
Chun-Yan Wang3
Mai-Qing Yang- 1Department of Pathology, Weifang People’s Hospital (First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University), Weifang, Shandong, China
- 2Department of Anesthesiology, Weifang People’s Hospital (First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University), Weifang, Shandong, China
- 3Department of Family Planning, Weifang People’s Hospital (First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University), Weifang, Shandong, China
Adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the same lobe of the lung is relatively rare. A 57-year-old man was admitted to Weifang People’s Hospital (Weifang, China) with blood streaks in sputum and had masses in the lung. Based on clinical, imaging, and pathological findings, the patient was diagnosed with primary adenocarcinoma and SCC in the same lobe of the right lung, with adenocarcinoma metastasis to the lymph nodes. Few reports have described the synchronous occurrence of adenocarcinoma and SCC in the same lobe. Thoracoscopic resection of the lower lobes of the right lung and mediastinal lymph node dissection were performed. Surgical resection and postoperative chemotherapy have superior effects. The misdiagnosis of this tumor as other types of tumor must be prevented. Immunohistochemical features can be useful for the diagnosis of primary adenocarcinoma and SCC.
1 Introduction
Synchronous multiple primary lung cancer (sMPLC) is a special type of lung cancer characterized by the simultaneous identification of ≥ 2 primary tumors in the ipsilateral or contralateral lungs (1). The incidence of sMPLC ranges from 0.2–20% in lung cancer (1–4). Most of these tumors have the same histological type (4, 5). Owing to the increase in detection rates, the proportion of sMPLC in lung cancer and five‐year survival rate are increasing, whereas postoperative mortality is decreasing gradually (1, 6–8). The clinical diagnosis of MPLC is predominantly based on the Martini-Melamed diagnostic criteria, which primarily rely on tumor location, histologic features, presence or absence of carcinoma in situ, and other characteristics (9). The American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) and the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) proposed updated diagnostic criteria (10). The 2016 IASLC criterion provided a more detailed description of MPLC diagnostic criteria, incorporating the Comprehensive Histologic Assessment (CHA) process (11). This paper reports an unusual case of synchronous adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the same lobe of the lung with adenocarcinoma metastasis to the lymph nodes to strengthen our understanding of this disease. Knowingly, including the present case, only six patients with primary synchronous occurrence of adenocarcinoma and SCC in the same lobe have been reported (4, 12–14).
2 Case presentation
2.1 Clinical history
A 57-year-old man was admitted to our hospital for further treatment and presented with blood streaks in sputum for > 50 days. With many years smoking history of smoking approximately 40 cigarettes daily. The patient had no additional illness and was previously in good health. Personal history, family histories, medication history, social history, and allergy history were negative. Pulmonary function test is normal. Computed tomography (CT) evaluation showed a nodule in the posterior basal segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, approximately 3.1 cm × 2.6 cm in size. Another nodule was observed in the medial basal segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, approximately 2.6 cm × 2.3 cm in size. The mediastinum was centered and enlarged lymph node shadows were visible. No pleural effusion or thickening was observed on either side of the pleura (Figure 1). Blood SSC antigen (SCCA) (2.97 ng/mL) was slightly higher than normal (0–2.5 ng/mL). Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (1.33 ng/mL [0–4.5 ng/mL]) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) (13.23 ng/mL [0–16.5 ng/mL]) were normal. The preoperative diagnosis was right lower-lobe lung cancer. Thoracoscopic resection of the lower lobe of the right lung was performed. Perioperatively, resected lung specimens were collected to prepare frozen sections for pathological evaluation. The diagnosis was “two places of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), depending on routine paraffin sections and immunohistochemical identification and classification after the operation.” Subsequently, extended dissection of the mediastinal lymph nodes was performed.
Figure 1. Chest computed tomography. Computed tomography shows a nodule in the posterior basal segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, approximately 3.1 cm × 2.6 cm in size (nodule 1, yellow arrow). Another nodule is seen in the medial basal segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, approximately 2.6 cm × 2.3 cm in size (nodule 2, red arrow). (A, B) Sagittal screenshot. (C, D) Axis position screenshot of nodule 1. (E, F) Axis position screenshot of nodule 2.
2.2 Immunohistochemical staining
The specimens were fixed with 10% neutral-buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin blocks, and cut into 4 μm thick sections. The sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) for histological assessment. Tumor sections were immunostained with ready-to-use primary antibodies against cytokeratin 7 (CK7, Catalog Number: MAB-0828), TTF-1 (thyroid transcription factor-1, Catalog Number: MAB-0677), napsin A (Catalog Number: MAB-0704), CK5/6 (Catalog Number: RMA-1144), P40 (Catalog Number: RMA-1006), and Ki-67 (Catalog Number: MAB-0672, all were from Maixin Biotech Co., Ltd., Fuzhou, China). Immunohistochemistry was performed using EnVision. Positive and negative controls were used as appropriate. All results were diagnosed independently by two pathologists.
2.3 Pathological diagnosis and follow-up history
Postoperatively, tumor specimens were embedded in paraffin blocks and examined. A lobe of the lung, 14 cm×11 cm×3.5 cm in volume, was resected 4 cm away from the bronchial end close to the lung capsule, nodule 1, 3.5 cm×2.2 cm×2 cm in volume, was seen with a grayish, hard section surface and unclear boundary. Nodule 2, 2.8 cm× 2.8 cm×1.7 cm in volume, was seen 0.5 cm away from the bronchial end and 1.5 cm from the lung capsule, with gray-white, hard section surface and unclear boundary. Microscopically, the tumor cells in “nodule 1” mostly grew in cribriform and solid patchy forms with large and displaced nucleoli (Figure 2). Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells showed positive expression of CK7, TTF-1, napsin A, and Ki-67 (approximately 35% in hot spots), and were negative for CK5/6 and P40 (Figure 3). “Nodule 1” was revealed poor differentiation invasive adenocarcinoma. The proportions of tumor growth patterns in the complex glandular pattern, solid, and acinar without pleural invasion were 55%, 35%, and 10%, respectively. Histological examination of “nodule 2” revealed that the carcinomas formed irregular nests and strands of tumor cells separated by various amounts of fibrous stroma with cytoplasmic keratosis and no keratin pearls. Mitotic figures and necrosis were common (Figure 2). Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for CK5/6, P40, and Ki-67 (approximately 45% in hot spots) and negative for TTF-1 and napsin A (Figure 3). “Nodule 2” was a moderately differentiated SCC. Adenocarcinoma metastases were observed in the lymph nodes (8/15, 1/1, 0/2, 0/3, and 0/2 in groups 7, 10, 2, 4, and 11, respectively). Immunohistochemically, the metastatic tumor cells were positive for TTF-1 and negative for P40.
Figure 2. Histological features associated with adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma in the same lobe of the lung. (A, B) Tumor cells in “nodule 1” mostly grow in complex glandular pattern, solid (A)), hematoxylin and eosin, ×100), with large nucleoli and displaced nucleoli (B)), hematoxylin and eosin, ×400). (C, D) Tumor cells form irregular nests and strands of tumor cells separated by various amounts of fibrous stroma (C)), hematoxylin and eosin, ×100) with cytoplasmic keratosis and no keratin pearl (D)), hematoxylin and eosin, ×400).
Figure 3. Immunohistochemistry of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma in the same lobe of the lung. (A–D) Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells show positive expression of CK7, TTF-1, napsin A, Ki-67 (approximately 35% in hot spots) in nodule 1 (×100). (E–G) Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells showed positive expression of CK5/6, P40, Ki-67 (approximately 45% in hot spots) in nodule 2 (×100).
The final diagnosis was lung adenocarcinoma combined with SCC and T2N2M0 according to the ninth edition of the tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging system and successfully discharged from the hospital after five days. Based on the patient’s wishes, only immunohistochemistry was performed; sequencing and other related examinations were incomplete. The patient received systemic chemotherapy with paclitaxel and cisplatin postoperatively and recovered well. Follow-up at three months before the deadline for submission did not reveal any evidence of recurrence or other metastatic diseases.
3 Discussion
Based on the clinical information and immunohistochemical results, the pathological diagnoses were primary adenocarcinoma and SCC of the lower lobe of the right lung. This case study presents a complex and diagnostically challenging scenario. Such a combination is relatively uncommon compared with solitary lung malignancies and requires a comprehensive understanding.
MPLC are cases with > 1 primary cancer occurring simultaneously or sequentially in the lungs (4). For sMPLC, tumors should be physically separated and histologically identical or different (15). The prevalence of low-dose CT lung cancer screening programs has boosted lung cancer diagnosis (16), and MPLC is becoming a common phenomenon in clinical practice (8, 15). Since Martini first proposed the diagnostic criteria (9), MPLC has gained significant attention.
Most MPLC have the same histological type (4, 5). Few reports have described the synchronous occurrence of adenocarcinoma and SCC in the same lobe. The first such case was reported by Kitamura et al., 1991 (12). Knowingly, including the present case, only six patients with primary synchronous occurrence of adenocarcinoma and SCC in the same lobe have been reported (4, 12–14). The clinicopathological features of the patients are summarized in Table 1. Six male patients (age; 57–77 years, mean age; 66.5 years). Most had a smoking history (four smokers, one former smoker, and one unknown). Only one of our patients had lymph node metastasis. All the patients underwent surgical resection. Three cases were located in the left lobe and three cases were located in the right lobe, and except for our case, the remaining five cases are all located in the upper lobe. The location of lung cancer in the upper or lower lobe may have some impact on prognosis, but it is not an independent decisive factor. Yngvar Nilssen et al. found that the right upper lobe comprised 31.2% of the tumors and 17.6% of the lung volume. The relative proportion of 1.77 was higher than in the other lobes (17). Hyun Woo Lee et al. found patients with lower lobe cancer showed a higher all-cause mortality rate than those with non-lower lobe cancer (18). Lymph node involvement in any primary tumor may upstage the overall disease and lead to a poor prognosis. Unfortunately, none of the other five cases had a complete follow-up history, and our patient was only followed up for three months before the deadline for submission, and we will continue to follow up.
Table 1. Summary of primary adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma in the same lung features.
The incidence of MPLC remains controversial because of varying diagnostic criteria and overlapping intrapulmonary metastases. Studies suggest that MPLC accounts for 0.2–20% of lung cancer (1–4), with an increasing trend attributed to improved diagnostic techniques and increased survival of patients with early stage lung cancer (8, 15, 16). The pathogenesis of MPLC involves complex interactions between genetic predispositions and environmental exposure. Smoking remains a major risk factor (19–21). Chronic exposure to carcinogens creates a “field” of genetically damaged epithelial cells, increasing the risk of multiple independent primaries. This is supported by studies showing shared somatic mutations in adjacent normal lung tissue of smokers with MPLC (22). However, the genetic background of patients with MPLCs remains unclear (23). Molecular studies have indicated that MPLC tumors often exhibit distinct genetic profiles, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS), Erb-B2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 2 (ERBB2) tumor protein 53 (TP53), which support their independent clonal origin (24–26). Genomic analyses have shown that multiple primary lesions are much more heterogeneous, unlike metastatic lesions (25). Chronic inflammation may promote clonal expansion of mutated cells and suppress antitumor immunity in MPLC (27). Unfortunately, because the patient refused to have genetic detection, there were no results of genetic detection in this case.
The management of MPLC requires a multidisciplinary approach that prioritizes curative intent for resectable lesions. Surgical resection remains the cornerstone of treatment (28, 29). MPLC with EGFR, anaplastic lymphoma kinase, or ROS proto-oncogene 1, receptor tyrosine kinase alterations in individual lesions may benefit from lesion-specific targeted therapy (26). MPLC with high PD-L1 expression (xpres or mismatch repair deficiency may respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors (27).
A key challenge is differentiating MPLC from metastases to avoid overtreatment (30). The clinical diagnosis of MPLC is predominantly based on the Martini-Melamed diagnostic criteria, which primarily rely on tumor location, histologic features, presence or absence of carcinoma in situ, and other characteristics (9). The American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) and the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) proposed updated diagnostic criteria (10). The 2016 IASLC criterion provided a more detailed description of MPLC diagnostic criteria, incorporating the Comprehensive Histologic Assessment (CHA) process (11). Accurate diagnosis of MPLC is based on histologic type and onset interval and does not incorporate genetic analysis (15, 23). Microscopic morphology and immunohistochemistry are helpful for differential diagnosis. SCC usually exhibits pronounced keratinization and intercellular bridges and is diffusely positive for P63 and P40; adenocarcinoma is positive for TTF-1, napsin-A and neuroendocrine tumors are positive for CD56, synaptophysin, and chromogranin (31, 32).
Studies have indicated that patients with early stage MPLC have better survival outcomes than those with metastatic disease (15, 28). Poor prognostic factors include advanced tumor stage and lymph node involvement (33, 34). Chest CT may predict unexpected recurrence and metastasis after radical surgery for MPLC (35). In the future single-cell RNA sequencing may identify distinct immune cell profiles in MPLC (36). Liquid biopsy for clonality assessment may distinguish MPLC from metastasis (37).
Overall, we report a rare case of primary synchronous adenocarcinoma and SCC in the same lobe of the lung with adenocarcinoma metastasis to the lymph nodes. Complete surgical resection was the treatment of choice. Careful assessment of the histological features and immunohistochemistry enables an efficient diagnosis.
Data availability statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Ethics statement
The studies involving humans were approved by Weifang People’s Hospital (First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University) Institutional Review Board for Human Studies. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. Written informed consent for participation in this study was provided by the participants’ legal guardians/next of kin. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.
Author contributions
C-SL: Data curation, Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. Y-XZ: Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Conceptualization. C-YW: Methodology, Data curation, Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. G-DX: Data curation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Conceptualization. M-QY: Data curation, Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing.
Funding
The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research and/or publication of this article.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Generative AI statement
The author(s) declare that no Generative AI was used in the creation of this manuscript.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Abbreviations
sMPLC, Synchronous multiple primary lung cancer; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma; ACCP, American College of Chest Physicians; IASLC, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer; CT, computed tomography; SCCA, Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen; CEA, Carcinoembryonic antigen; NSE, Neuron-Specific Enolase; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; HE, hematoxylin-eosin; CK, cytokeratin; TTF-1, thyroid transcription factor-1; TNM, tumor node metastasis; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; KRAS, Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene; ERBB2, Erb-B2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 2; TP53, tumor protein 53; PD-L1, programmed cell death ligand 1.
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Keywords: adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, lung, immunohistochemical, diagnosis
Citation: Li C-S, Zou Y-X, Wang C-Y, Xu G-D and Yang M-Q (2025) Adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma in the same lobe of the lung with adenocarcinoma metastasis in the lymph nodes: a case report and literature review. Front. Oncol. 15:1618619. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2025.1618619
Received: 26 April 2025; Accepted: 30 June 2025;
Published: 17 July 2025.
Edited by:
Natsuo Tomita, Nagoya City University, JapanReviewed by:
Fengbo Huang, Zhejiang University, ChinaDalibor Jovanovic, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
Copyright © 2025 Li, Zou, Wang, Xu and Yang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Mai-Qing Yang, cXFxMzg3QDE2My5jb20=
†These authors have contributed equally to this work