ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Oncol.
Sec. Radiation Oncology
Survival in Stage IV Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Based on Radiation Dose to Immune Cells: A Retrospective Analysis
Provisionally accepted
- 1Shandong First Medical University Cancer Hospital, Jinan, China
- 2Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, Hefei, China
- 3University of Science and Technology of China Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei, China
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Background: Programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with chemotherapy represent the standard first-line treatment for stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) without driver mutations. Both concurrent and sequential thoracic radiotherapy (RT) have been shown to improve survival outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of the estimated dose of radiation to immune cells (EDRIC) in stage IV NSCLC patients receiving first-line immunotherapy (IT), as well as the predictive performance of EDRIC in combination with inflammatory parameters for overall survival (OS). Methods: This multicenter retrospective study included 167 stage IV NSCLC patients who received concurrent or sequential RT in addition to IT. Spearman's rank correlation was applied to assess associations between variables. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were used to estimate OS and progression-free survival (PFS). A nomogram model was developed to evaluate the prognostic value of each parameter for OS. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to compare the predictive performance of the three models. Results: GTV, PTV, and N staging were positively correlated with EDRIC (r=0.3564, p<0.001; r=0.6012, p<0.001; r=0.2592, p=0.0034), whereas lymphocyte nadir was negatively correlated (r=- 0.3776, p<0.001). The Cox regression analyses identified EDRIC, lymphocyte nadir, and ALI as independent prognostic factors for OS (HR=0.42, p=0.001; HR=2.93, p=0.001; HR=3.04, p=0.001). EDRIC was the only independent predictor of PFS (HR=0.43, p=0.001). The combined EDRIC-lymphocyte nadir-ALI model demonstrated superior performance compared with single-factor models in predicting 2-year and 2.5-year OS in stage IV NSCLC patients. These findings were further confirmed in an external validation cohort. Conclusions: In the IT era, higher EDRIC is associated with poorer OS and PFS, and the combination of EDRIC, lymphocyte nadir, and Advanced Lung Cancer Inflammation Index (ALI) provides more accurate prognostic assessment of OS than any single parameter alone.
Keywords: Estimated dose of radiation to immune cells, immunology, Lymphocyte nadir, Stage IV NSCLC, Survival
Received: 29 Sep 2025; Accepted: 08 Dec 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Feng, Wang, Hu, Xu, Li and Yuan. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Shuanghu Yuan
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