PERSPECTIVE article
Front. Oral Health
Sec. Oral Infections and Microbes
Endospore-forming- Bacillus subtilis Isolated from Third Molar Exudate and the Association with Cardiovascular Disease: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Provisionally accepted
Nadia Mahmoud Tawfiq Jebril*
Shahlaa Kh. ChabukAseel H. Al-SabaryNibras Abbas AL-MansouriWorood Ali Mukheef Al-JobouriSamar Raffia Herby Al-Saidi- University of Babylon, Hillah, Iraq
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Background: Various techniques have been previously modified to lesser initial postoperative complications following the third molar extraction, since the oral microbiome, more resistant bacteria have tended to link with systemic diseases such as Cardiovascular disease (CVD). Objective: In this study, we aimed to determine the spore bacterium, B. subtilis, isolated in third molar exudates and investigate whether this was associated with CVD. Methods: As in Iraq, there are no recorded medical data for each patient in the dental hospital to investigate the study. By exudating the third molars from patients, it would be possible to conduct a retrospective cohort study of the population undergoing third molar exudate in a private dental clinic in alternative to hospital to compare their cardiovascular outcomes with controls. Based on clinical assessments, body mass index, LDL cholesterol, C-reactive protein, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, hypertension, and smoking status were measured. The study was conducted on 40 men, representing 20 men with cardiovascular disease and 20 men as controls. Light and transmission electron microscopy were used to perform a phenotypic evaluation of the bacterial isolates (spore formation, biofilm production). Biofilm formation was assessed using Congo red agar, crystal violet staining, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) values were obtained to investigate the cardiovascular risk. Results: The number of B. subtilis isolates in the CVD group was higher compared to controls (non-CVD), demonstrating significantly higher biofilm formation (OD600 = 1.45 ± 0.22).
Keywords: ardiovascular disease, cardiovascular disease, cohort study, endospore-forming- Bacillus subtilis, Third molar
Received: 17 Oct 2025; Accepted: 19 Dec 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Jebril, Chabuk, H. Al-Sabary, AL-Mansouri, Al-Jobouri and Herby Al-Saidi. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Nadia Mahmoud Tawfiq Jebril
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