Abstract
Background: Very few reports are available on human XX ovotesticular disorder of sex development involving SOX3 gene duplication. Here we aim to present a rare case of SOX3 gene duplication in a person from the Chinese population who exhibits XX ovotesticular disorder of sex development.
Case Presentation: A 7-year-old Chinese individual from Fujian province in Southeast China was recruited. The patient presented 46, XX karyotype, absence of sex-determining region Y, and was diagnosed with XX ovotesticular disorder of sex development. Furthermore, SNP array analysis demonstrated that the patient had a 2.2-Mb duplication in the Xq27.1q27.2 region (arr[hg19]Xq27.1q27.2:139,499,778-141,777,782) involving the SOX3 gene. Additionally, no SOX3 duplication was observed in the parents or the sibling, who displayed none of the clinical features.
Conclusion: We identified the first case of SOX3 duplication in a Chinese individual who exhibits ovotesticular disorder of sex development. Our study strengthens the link between the SOX3 duplication and XX ovotesticular disorder of sex development and indicates that SOX3 is the evolutionary antecedent of sex-determining region Y.
Introduction
Sex-determining region Y (SRY) is the key gene in 46, XY normal males. SRY initiates a complex genetic cascade, promoting the differentiation of the testis. However, the coexistence of ovarian and testicular tissues is present in some 46, XX individuals, which refers to as ovotesticular disorder of sex development (OT-DSD) (, ). Studies have shown that the occurrence of 46, XX OT-DSD is related to the dislocation recombination on the X and Y chromosomes during the meiosis of the paternal chromosome, which transfers the SRY gene from the Y chromosome to X (), but only few patients with 46, XX OT-DSD have a detectable SRY gene; most of the subjects show an absence of the SRY gene (, ). However, the SRY gene is present in most of (~80%) 46, XX testicular DSD cases (). Currently, it is believed that sex determination and differentiation are processes of orderly and coordinated expression of autosomal and sex chromosomes, but with the SRY gene, abnormalities in any process can lead to sex abnormalities.
As we know, SRY up-regulates the expression of SRY-Box transcription factor 9 (SOX9) in bipotential gonads, leading to the differentiation of testicular cells and eventually testicular differentiation (). Moreover, a study has shown that ectopic SOX9 expression induces the formation of mouse testis in XX gonads (). Recently, several cases have been reported to carry SOX9 duplications (–), which have been proposed to be responsible for SOX9 expression during gonad development. SRY-Box transcription factor 3 (SOX3), located on the chromosome X (Xq27.1), is a member of the SRY-Box transcription factor family (). Duplications involving the SOX3 gene have been reported to be associated with developmental delay, intellectual disability, growth hormone deficiency, infundibular hypoplasia and hypopituitarism, etc. (, ).
Recently, XX sex reversal has been reported in transgenic mice with ectopic SOX3 expression and observed in 46, XX DSD patients with duplications of SOX3 or genomic rearrangements within the SOX3 regulatory region (). Few reports are available on 46, XX SRY-negative males with SOX3 duplications, though a recent study conducted by Tasic et al. revealed a 46, XX male who presented congenital anomalies of kidneys and the urinary tract and had a duplication on chromosome Xq27 involving the SOX3 gene, indicating links between SOX3 gene dosage and kidney malformations and sex determination (). Moreover, a study has shown a 46, XX SRY-negative individual with duplication of the SOX3 gene exhibiting XX OT-DSD (). In the present study, we describe a 7-year-old OT-DSD case with Xq27.1q27.2 duplication involving the SOX3 gene, which was first identified in Chinese individuals and additionally strengthened the pathogenic role of SOX3 duplication in XX OT-DSD.
Case Presentation
The patient comes from Quanzhou City, Fujian province, in Southeast China. The child was delivered vaginally with a birth weight of 3.7 kg. There was no family history of DSD, and the parents denied any consanguinity. A physical examination showed the child presented ambiguous sex, coronal hypospadias, a penis or enlarged clitoris, and the presence of a scrotum but non-palpable gonads. Subsequent ultrasonography indicated that the patient might have the coexistence of testicular and ovarian tissues on the left side and testicular tissue on the right side. After clinical consultation, the family decided to raise the child as a male, and ovariectomy was performed at 10 months after birth, to remove the ovarian section from the left ovotesticular area. The subsequent histology analysis confirmed the presence of unilateral ovotestes tissues in the left side of the patient.
At age 7, the child's height (130 cm) and weight (23 kg) were within the normal ranges. Hormonal laboratory tests showed low luteinizing hormone (<0.20 mIU/ml), follicle-stimulating hormone (1.21 mIU/ml) and testosterone (<0.10 ng/ml). Serum progesterone and prolactin were normal. Currently, human menopausal gonadotropin (menotropins for injection, AnHui BBCA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) is injected for treatment with 150 U a day. Regular follow-up showed normal penile and testicular development, with normal morning erection.
Chromosome G-banding analysis revealed a normal karyotype (46, XX) in the patient. The parental karyotypes were normal as well. Chromosomal microarray analysis demonstrated that the patient had a 2.2-Mb duplication in the Xq27.1q27.2 region (arr[hg19]Xq27.1q27.2:139,499,778-141,777,782) of the X chromosome (Figure 1). The duplication contains 12 Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) genes: CDR1, LDOC1, MAGEC1, MAGEC2, MAGEC3, SOX3, SPANXA1, SPANXA2, SPANXB1, SPANXB2, SPANXC, and SPANXD. SNP array analysis was also performed on parental and sibling blood samples. Chromosomal microarray results showed that none of the Y chromosome was observed, and further study indicated that no SRY gene was observed in the patient by polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, no SOX3 duplication was observed in the parents or the sibling with normal phenotype.
Figure 1
Discussion and Conclusion
OT-DSD is the disease defined as presence of both male and female gonads. The SRY gene is present in few cases of 46, XX OT-DSD patients, which can explain testicular development (). However, the SRY gene is absent in the most of 46, XX OT-DSD patients, and the mechanism underlying the testis development is not fully understood.
SOX genes are considered key players in the regulation of nervous system development and embryogenesis; they encode transcription factors that act as key regulators in a variety of developmental processes, including specification, gastrulation, cellular differentiation, and neural induction (). SOX9 is critical to the human testis differentiation, while it is still poorly understood whether SOX3 expression affects sex differentiation. A study showed knockout of SOX3 did not cause any defects of sex determination; however, affected testis differentiation and oocyte development were observed in SOX3-null mice (). Moreover, another study showed that SOX3 mutations were absent in the subjects diagnosed with 46, XY gonadal dysgenesis and 46, XX sex reversal, indicating that SOX3 might not be involved in testis differentiation (). Recent studies have shown that several human XX male sex reversal cases present rearrangements of the SOX3 locus, suggesting that a defect in the SOX3 gene might result in XX male sex reversal in mice and humans. Therefore, researchers believe that SRY may arise from SOX3 and the two genes have interchangeable functions in sex determination (, ).
The study conducted by Sutton et al. () showed three patients with XX male sex reversal exhibiting rearrangements encompassing or in proximity of SOX3. Patient A had two microduplications, one of which covered the entire SOX3 gene; patient B carried a microdeletion located upstream of SOX3 in Xq27.1; patient C had a large duplication that encompassed the SOX3 gene and at least 18 additional genes, which might be responsible for the clinical phenotype (Table 1). Additionally, another study by Moalem et al. () showed de novo SOX3 gene duplication in XX male sex reversal with genital abnormalities. The patient exhibited a partial sex reversal with abnormal genitalia and had three copy number variants, the first of which was a 494-kb duplication in region Xq27.1, which encompassed the SOX3 gene. The phenotype might be associated with weak or slightly late ectopic expression of SOX3 in the early gonads. Subsequently, a study () identified the first 46, XX OT-DSD case who showed a SOX3 duplication, with absence of SRY, and presented hypospadias and bilateral cryptorchidism (Table 1).
Table 1
| Wood et al., Family A Patient 1 | Wood et al., Family APatient 2 | Sutton et al., Patient A | Sutton et al.,Patient C | Moalem et al., Patient 1 | Grinsponet al., Patient | Our case | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Disorders of sex development | XX male reversal. | XX male reversal. | XX male reversal. | XX male reversal. | XX male reversal. | OT-DSD | OT-DSD |
| Age | 7 years | 2.5 years | 30 years | 1.5 years | 1 year | 2.5 years | 7 years |
| Growth and developmental issues | GH deficiency; Normal serum prolactin and cortisol. Psychomotor development. | History of neonatal hypoglycemia; severe cortisol, TSH, GH, and gonadotrophin deficiency. He has normal psychomotor development but has been noted to be hyperactive. | Normal | Developmental and growth delay; microcephaly. | Normal | Normal | Normal |
| Genitals and testis | Details not reported. | Hypoplastic genitalia, with both testes palpable high in the inguinal canal and a micropenis. | Details not reported. | Right testicles appear smaller than left; Hypoplastic scrotum; testes are retractile and can be brought down. | Penoscrotal hypospadias with a bifid scrotum; phallus was otherwise unremarkable with erectile tissue palpable; on ultrasound epididymis appearing grossly normal. | The testicular tissue and ovarian tissue all exist. | The ovotesticular tissue on the left side and the testicular tissue on the right side. |
| Vulva | Male | Male | Male | Male | Bilateral cryptorchidism. | Hypospadias and bilateral cryptorchidism. | Hypospadias and bilateral cryptorchidism. |
| SRY | Unknown | Unknown | Negative | Negative | Negative | Negative | Negative |
| Genotypes | Tandem duplication 685.6 kb in length on the X chromosome that spanned the SOX3 gene. | Tandem duplication 685.6 kb in length on the X-chromosome which spanned the SOX3 gene | Two microduplications were observed, the first of which spanned the entire SOX3 gene | 6 Mb duplication that encompasses SOX3 and at least 18 additional distally located genes. | Three microduplications were observed, the first of which contains the SOX3 gene. | 502 kb duplication that encompasses SOX3 gene and its regulatory sequences. | 2.2 Mb duplication that encompasses SOX3 gene. |
| Inheritance | Maternally derived. | Maternally derived | Unknown | Unknown | De novo | De novo | De novo |
Literature review of the involvement of SOX3 duplications in disorders of sex development.
In our study, we secondly identified a 46, XX OT-DSD case with SOX3 gene duplication, which was first found in Chinese individuals. The findings are in agreement with the previous studies, supporting the notion that duplication of SOX3 is responsible for partial testicular differentiation in the fetal XX gonads. In this study, apart from the SOX3 gene, 11 OMIM genes were also involved in this duplicated region. Previous studies indicated that the MAGE genes and SPANX genes are specifically expressed in tumors and testis (–), which needs further investigation as to the potential relationship between these genes and sex determination.
In conclusion, our study firstly identified a patient carrying the Xq27.1q27.2 duplication involving the SOX3 gene in a 46, XX OT-DSD Chinese individual, which provides additional evidence that the duplication of SOX3 is pathological in the XX OT-DSD and further indicates that SOX3 may be the evolutionary antecedent of SRY. However, more work can be done on the expression of SOX9 or other genes that affect the gonadal differentiation pathway, such as WNT4 or RSPO1.
Statements
Data availability statement
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
Ethics statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Ethics Committee of Quanzhou women's and children's hospital. We confirmed that all subjects who participated in this study signed written informed consent for publishing their own and their children's genetic data and relevant information.
Author contributions
JZ and CC designed the study and wrote the article. JW, SZ, and YW performed the karyotype analysis and analyzed the data. YJ, JL, YL, and YX revised and polished the manuscript. All authors approved the final article.
Funding
This research was supported by the Fujian Provincial Health Commission Youth Science and Technology Project (2020QNB045) and Quanzhou City Science and Technology Project (2020C026R).
Acknowledgments
We wish to express our appreciation to Fujian Provincial Health Commission and Quanzhou City Science and Technology Bureau for funding this work. We also express our appreciation to the patient and his family members who participated in this study.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Summary
Keywords
disorder of sex development, ovotestis, Xq27.1q27.2 duplication, SOX3 gene, chromosomal microarray analysis
Citation
Zhuang J, Chen C, Li J, Jiang Y, Wang J, Wang Y, Zeng S, Lin Y and Xie Y (2021) The 46, XX Ovotesticular Disorder of Sex Development With Xq27.1q27.2 Duplication Involving the SOX3 Gene: A Rare Case Report and Literature Review. Front. Pediatr. 9:682846. doi: 10.3389/fped.2021.682846
Received
19 March 2021
Accepted
26 April 2021
Published
11 June 2021
Volume
9 - 2021
Edited by
Lingqian Wu, Central South University, China
Reviewed by
Corrado Romano, Oasi Research Institute (IRCCS), Italy; Joanna Nowacka-Woszuk, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poland
Updates
Copyright
© 2021 Zhuang, Chen, Li, Jiang, Wang, Wang, Zeng, Lin and Xie.
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*Correspondence: Yiming Lin linyiming0819@sina.comYingjun Xie xieyjun@mail2.sysu.edu.cn
This article was submitted to Genetics of Common and Rare Diseases, a section of the journal Frontiers in Pediatrics
†These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship
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