ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Pediatr.
Sec. Pediatric Cardiology
Global, regional, and national trends for childhood myocarditis from 1990 to 2021: health inequality and age-period-cohort analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Provisionally accepted
- 1Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- 2Shandong University, Jinan, China
- 3Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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Background: Childhood myocarditis (CM) may have a profound impact on lifelong health worldwide. The aims of this study were to assess the trends and explore the health inequality along with age-period-cohort analysis for CM from 1990 to 2021. Methods: This study is based on the database for Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021. The age-standardized rate (ASR) of incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) was used to assess the burden of CM. Estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) in ASR from 1990 to 2021 was used to calculate the time trends. Health inequalities related to sociodemographic index (SDI) and age-period-cohort effect for CM burden were performed in this study. Findings: A significant decreasing trend for ASR of incidence, prevalence, mortality and DALYs from 1990 to 2021 were found for CM globally. The increased EAPC of prevalence for CM was still high in high SDI regions. Higher ASR of prevalence and incidence and lower ASR of mortality and DALYs were significantly associated with higher SDI levels. A significant increased SDI-related health inequalities was found from 1990 to 2021 for ASR of prevalence. Higher risk for CM prevalence was found in the younger ages, and recent periods and birth cohort among high SDI regions. Non-optimal temperature was also significantly associated with elevated risk of mortality and DALYs for CM. Interpretation: Although CM burden is decreasing in recent years, the disproportionate burden of CM globally warrants caution. Effective methods should be performed to decrease the CM burden in the future.
Keywords: childhood myocarditis, health inequality, Age-Period-Cohort analysis, Global burden, Prevelence
Received: 14 Apr 2025; Accepted: 14 Nov 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Fang, Liu, Han and Tian. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence:
Bao-Peng Liu, baopeng.liu@sdu.edu.cn
Bo Han, hanbo35@163.com
Jie Tian, jietian@cqmu.edu.cn
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