Two case reports of B-cell lymphopenia associated with IGLL1 variants identified through newborn screening in Ukraine

Before the implementation of newborn screening (NBS), only a few cases of agammaglobulinemia associated with IGLL1 variants had been reported. The IGLL1 gene encodes the surrogate light chain components λ5 and VpreB, which form a crucial part of the pre-B cell receptor complex. A recently published study reported 17 cases of agammaglobulinemia caused by IGLL1 variants, the vast majority of which were identified through NBS. Here, we report two cases of B-cell lymphopenia along with IGLL1 variants identified through NBS in Ukraine. Both neonates had undetectable KREC and normal TREC levels at birth. Despite the presence of B-cell lymphopenia, only one patient exhibited a transient decline in IgG levels. IgA and IgM levels remained normal during the first year of follow-up, which had not been reported in previous IGLL1 cases. Both children presented with mild upper respiratory tract infections. Genetic analysis revealed that both patients carried the c.425C > T variant, with one patient also harboring the c.258del variant. These variants have been linked to B-cell lymphopenia and low KREC levels in prior studies. Two additional variants were identified on the second chromosome: c.368C > G, which is predicted to be tolerated, and c.377T > C, which is likely disruptive. This study highlights the potential underdiagnosis of B-cell lymphopenia caused by IGLL1 variants. Moreover, the comparison between clinically diagnosed cases and those identified through NBS underscores the importance of early diagnosis that facilitates close monitoring of affected patients from birth, timely initiation of immunoglobulin replacement therapy, and the prevention of complications and severe manifestations.

Introduction

Predominantly antibody deficiencies encompass a group of inborn errors of immunity (IEI) characterized by profoundly decreased or absent B cells (1). These deficiencies include X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), also known as Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) deficiency; certain types of autosomal-dominant immunodeficiencies (such as Hoffman syndrome, PU1 deficiency, and E47 transcription factor deficiency), and several autosomal-recessive immunodeficiencies. Among the autosomal-recessive diseases are deficiencies in components critical to B-cell development, including µ heavy chain, lambda-5 (λ5), Igα, Igβ, BLNK, p110δ, p85, E47 transcription factor, SLC39A7, and FNIP1 deficiencies.

XLA is the most common congenital agammaglobulinemia, accounting for approximately 85% of cases (2). Other variants of agammaglobulinemia are considerably rarer. It has been suggested that autosomal-recessive agammaglobulinemias (ARA) generally have a more severe clinical course and manifest at an earlier age compared to XLA (3).

Before the implementation of newborn screening (NBS), only a few cases of agammaglobulinemia associated with IGLL1 variants had been reported (2, 4, 5). The IGLL1 gene encodes the surrogate light chain λ5 and VpreB, forming a crucial pre-B cell receptor complex (pre-BCR) component. The pre-BCR complex initiates key processes in pre-B cells that ultimately lead to their differentiation into immature B cells (6). Variants in components of the pre-B cell receptor and BCR complex account for approximately 5%–7% of patients with defects in early B-cell development (3).

Using kappa-deleting recombination excision circles (KREC) assays in newborn screening programs has facilitated the identification of conditions associated with B-cell lymphopenia (7, 8, 9, 10). However, including KREC assays in routine NBS programs remains controversial and less widespread than the TREC assay, which is used globally to detect severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID).

A recently published study reported 17 cases of agammaglobulinemia caused by IGLL1 variants, 13 of which were diagnosed through NBS (11). This study significantly expanded the known clinical phenotypes associated with IGLL1-related agammaglobulinemia.

The aim of our study was to present two additional cases of B-cell lymphopenia associated with IGLL1 variants identified through NBS in Ukraine to highlight the importance of early detection and further support the consideration of the KREC assay for global implementation in newborn screening programs to identify early B-cell development defects.

Materials and methods

Clinical evaluation

The patients were monitored by immunologists following positive newborn screening (NBS) results. The study adhered to the principles of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki (as amended in 2000) and received approval from the Ethics Committee of I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University. Informed consent was obtained from the legal guardians of all participants.

Blood cells and immunological studies

Routine hematological assays were performed for complete blood cell analysis. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell lymphocyte subsets were identified via flow cytometry. Monoclonal antibodies were used to detect cell surface markers, including CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD16, and CD56. Serum levels of IgG, IgA, IgM, and antibodies to diphtheria and tetanus toxins were measured using standard immunological techniques.

Whole exome sequencing (WES) and panel sequencing

Whole exome sequencing (WES) for the second case was conducted at the Scientific Medical Genetic Center LeoGENE, Lviv, Ukraine. For the first case, panel sequencing targeting inborn errors of immunity and cytopenias was performed at Invitae Laboratory, focusing on 574 primary immunodeficiency-related genes. Genomic DNA was enriched for targeted regions using a hybridization-based protocol and sequenced with Illumina technology at a coverage depth of ≥50x. Reads were aligned to a reference genome, and clinically significant findings were confirmed using orthogonal validation methods.

Identification of published IGLL1 cases

We conducted a scoping search to identify additional reported cases of IGLL1 deficiency. The search was performed using PubMed and Scopus databases. We used the following search terms: “IGLL1,” “IGLL1 deficiency,” “IGLL1 mutation,” and “IGLL1 variant.” The search included articles published up to January 2024. Reference lists of relevant articles were also manually screened to identify additional cases. Only peer-reviewed case reports and original articles describing patients with pathogenic or likely pathogenic IGLL1 variants were included.

Results

Case presentation

Case 1: A full-term, healthy female newborn had a positive NBS result with undetectable KREC in the first and second (retest) dried blood spot (DBS) samples but normal TREC levels [Ct = 33.2 (164 copies in DBS) and Ct = 28.4 (3,850 copies in DBS), respectively] at birth. Birth weight was 4,500 g. Follow-up revealed low B cell counts (70 cells/μl) but preserved T and NK cell subsets at 3 months (Table 1). Immunoglobulin levels (IgA, IgM, and IgG) remained within normal ranges at 3, 6, 10, and 15 months of age. Slightly reduced CD8 and low CD19 levels were observed at 6 months. By 10 months, CD3, CD4, and CD8 levels were within normal ranges, and an increase in CD19–128 cells/µl was noted. B-cell phenotyping was conducted at the age of 1 year and 3 months. Naïve and memory B-cells were within normal range (Table 1). No severe infections occurred until 1 year 4 months of age.

Table 1

Table 1. Immunologic parameters in the presented cases.

Vaccine responses were notable for normal tetanus antibody titers but borderline diphtheria titers. Genetic testing identified variants of uncertain significance (VUS) in the IGLL1 gene: one allele with c.425C > T (p.Pro142Leu) and the other with c.368C > G (p.Ser123Cys) and c.377T > C (p.Leu126Pro).

Family genetic testing revealed that the parents and one sibling were carriers (Figure 1A).

Figure 1

Figure 1. Family pedigree of the presented cases and IGLL1 variants. (A) Family pedigree of case 1. (B) Family pedigree of case 2. (C) IGLL1 variants that were detected in previously described patients and presented patients.

Case 2: A full-term, healthy male newborn had a positive NBS result with undetectable KREC in the first DBS sample and low KREC level [Ct = 39.2 (16 copies in DBS)] in the second DBS (retest) but normal TREC levels [Ct = 32.6 (159 copies in DBS) and Ct = 33.2 (164 copies in DBS), respectively] at birth. Birth weight was 3,450 g. Follow-up revealed low B cell counts (97 cells/μl) but preserved T and NK cell subsets at one month (Table 1). B-cell counts decreased to 68 cells/μl at seven months, while T-cell counts remained normal. A transient IgG decline was noted at 3.5 months, with levels increasing to low-normal by 7 months. The patient did not receive vaccination due to parental refusal.

In a complete blood count (CBC) at 7 months, anemia (Hb—108 g/L) and thrombocytosis (758 G/L) were observed, while neutrophil and lymphocyte levels were normal. Genetic testing revealed two IGLL1 variants on separate alleles: a missense VUS c.425C > T (p.Pro142Leu) and a likely pathogenic nonsense variant c.258del (p.Gln88Asnfs*7). Family genetic testing revealed that parents and two siblings are carriers (Figure 1B). Immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IgRT) was recommended and initiated at the age of 1 year and 3 months. Over one year, the child experienced mild respiratory symptoms and transient fever episodes.

At the time of the last clinical follow-up, the first patient was 1 year and 4 months old, and the second patient was 1 year and 5 months old. Both patients remain under regular supervision by a clinical immunologist and a pediatrician.

Discussion

In the cases we presented, B-cell lymphopenia, along with IGLL1 variants, was identified through NBS. Following a pilot project conducted in 2020–2022 (9, 12), population-based NBS for SCID and severe B-cell lymphopenias was officially launched in Ukraine in October 2022 (13). The program initially operated at two centers (Lviv and Kyiv), covering 12 out of the country's 25 regions. In April 2023, two additional centers (Kharkiv and Kryvyi Rih) joined the initiative, expanding coverage to more regions, except for territories occupied by Russia.

During this period, more than 300,000 newborns were screened. The KREC assay enabled the early diagnosis of four newborns with XLA and two with ARA associated with IGLL1 variants. Additionally, three cases of Nijmegen breakage syndrome were identified, characterized by low TREC and KREC levels (14).

Both cases of B-cell lymphopenia associated with IGLL1 variants were detected in the western regions of Ukraine (Lviv and Ternopil). Based on cases identified by NBS, the incidence of B-cell deficiency due to IGLL1 variants in Austria, Czechia, and Switzerland was estimated to be at least 1.3 per 100,000 births (11). In Ukraine, the frequency is lower, approximately 1 in 150,000 newborns. However, considering that both cases were identified in western regions, the incidence in this area aligns with the previously reported rate of 1–2 per 100,000 births.

Both patients carried the c.425C > T variant, and one also had the c.258del variant, which was recently reported with relatively high allele frequencies in the general population (0.09% and 0.13%, respectively). However, these variants have also been linked to several cases of B-cell lymphopenia and low KREC levels (11). Other reported cases similarly identified these variants in either homozygous or heterozygous states (4, 5).

Twelve out of 13 reported ARA cases caused by IGLL1 variants identified by NBS were associated with these specific variants: two homozygous for c.425C > T, two homozygous for c.258del, and the rest compound heterozygous (11). According to ACMG criteria, variant c.425C > T can be classified as likely pathogenic, because its frequency is extremely low in the general population (0,09%), which is allowed for a recessive disorder that does not cause a selective effect in carriers [criterion PM2 (Moderate)]; detected in trans with a pathogenic variant (11) [criterion PM3 (Moderate)], multiple lines of computational evidence support a deleterious effect on the gene product (supporting criterion PP3), and patients phenotype is highly specific for a disease with a single genetic etiology (supporting criterion PP4). In conclusion, this variant has 2 moderate and 2 supporting criteria, and we can classify this variant as likely pathogenic (15). All IGLL1 variants that were detected in previously described patients and presented patients are shown in Figure 1C.

In the second case we described, two additional variants were found on the second chromosome: c.368C > G (p.Ser123Cys) and c.377T > C (p.Leu126Pro). The frequency of c.377T > C (p.Leu126Pro) in the general population is 0.06%. PolyPhen-2, a predictive algorithm assessing the impact of missense mutations on protein structure and function, suggests that this variant is likely disruptive, whereas the c.368C > G (p.Ser123Cys) variant is likely to be tolerated. The latter is present in population databases (rs537809626, gnomAD 0.01%).

A comparison of baseline and clinical characteristics of children with ARA associated with IGLL1 variants, identified through NBS (11) and the newborns reported here (Table 2), demonstrated a similar mild clinical course. In both cases, only mild upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) were observed.

Table 2

Table 2. Comparison of cases' and previously described patients' characteristics with IGLL1 variants identified by NBS.

We did not notice transient neutropenia, which was relatively common in the previously reported cohort (84.6%). Thrombocytosis was detected in only one child. Lymphocyte subset counts, as well as IgG levels during the initial investigation, were comparable to previously published findings (11), including B-cell counts. However, in our patients, IgA levels were within age-appropriate norms, while IgM levels were at the lower limit of normal in one patient. To date, our patients are 1 year and 4 months old (case 1) and 1 year and 5 months old (case 2). Only one of them (case 2) has initiated IgRT, which was started at the age of 1 year and 3 months.

Overall, patients with B-lymphopenia associated with IGLL1 variants can be divided into three cohorts based on the diagnostic method (11): patients identified through NBS using the KREC assay, clinically diagnosed patients, and those identified as siblings or parents (Table 3).

Table 3

Table 3. Comparison of cases with IGLL1 variants identified by NBS, clinically diagnosed, and diagnosed in siblings or parents.

A comprehensive analysis of all reported literature cases to date identified 25 patients with B-cell lymphopenia and IGLL1 variants. Only documented cases, including the two described in this study, were considered. The largest cohort consists of 15 patients identified through NBS, followed by 6 clinically diagnosed patients, 3 identified in siblings, and 1 case in a symptomatic mother of affected patients.

A comparison of the three cohorts revealed a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations associated with IGLL1 variants. The median age at immunological and genetic diagnosis in the clinically diagnosed cohort was 2.5 and 3.5 years, respectively, whereas screening enabled case detection within the first weeks of life. Accordingly, one-third of clinically diagnosed patients experienced severe infections (e.g., meningitis, prolonged varicella, urinary tract infection, sepsis) and complications (e.g., bronchiectasis, conductive hearing loss, peritonitis). In one case, immunodeficiency was suspected only after the onset of bronchiectasis.

Early detection through screening allowed for the initiation of IgRT at a significantly younger age (4.5 months vs. 21.5 months), which could potentially reduce the risk of complications and improve the quality of life in affected children.

Clinically diagnosed cases (4, 5, 16, 17, 18) demonstrated a more pronounced immunological phenotype at presentation. These patients had significantly lower B-cell counts (often undetectable), reduced levels of IgM and IgA in all cases, and decreased IgG levels in 83.4% of patients. In contrast, patients diagnosed via screening showed greater variability in B-cell counts and immunoglobulin levels.

Among the four individuals identified through family screening, three were siblings (aged 22, 2, and 9 years) and one was a mother (34 years old). KREC levels were not determined in any of these asymptomatic carriers. At the same time, none of the patients in whom the identified IGLL1 variant was detected during the examination of siblings or parents (11, 16, 17) exhibited any symptoms except for one case of moderate atopic dermatitis at the age of 14 years. Despite B-cell lymphopenia, immunoglobulin levels remained within normal ranges in all individuals of this cohort. References (11, 16, 17) do not provide data regarding vaccine responses in such individuals.

All groups included both homozygous and compound heterozygous cases. No clear genotype-phenotype correlations were observed.

The presence of asymptomatic individuals carrying homozygous IGLL1 c.258delG variants supports the notion of incomplete penetrance associated with IGLL1 mutations. This phenomenon may be influenced by additional genetic, epigenetic, or environmental modifiers that modulate the clinical expression of the defect. Further studies, including detailed immunophenotyping and longitudinal follow-up, are necessary to better understand the variability in clinical presentation and immune function among carriers.

Thus, the cases presented here expand the data on immunological changes and genetic variants associated with B-cell lymphopenia linked to IGLL1 variants, identified through NBS. Notably, normal levels of IgA and IgM were observed, which had not been reported in previous similar cases.

The early identification of B-cell lymphopenia through neonatal screening has had a significant impact on the clinical care of the two patients presented in this study. From the parents' viewpoint, receiving a positive NBS result for an immunodeficiency was initially unexpected and distressing, particularly in the absence of clinical symptoms. However, structured follow-up by a multidisciplinary team—including immunologists and pediatricians—provided reassurance and clear guidance throughout the diagnostic and monitoring process.

For case 1, regular assessments and the absence of infections helped reinforce the decision to adopt a watchful waiting approach without initiating immunoglobulin replacement therapy. In contrast, case 2 demonstrated more pronounced immunological changes, leading to the initiation of IgRT at 1 year and 3 months, which the family accepted as a preventive measure to reduce the risk of infections.

Importantly, both families expressed appreciation for the benefits of early detection, emphasizing their ability to make informed decisions regarding treatment, vaccination, and daily care. These cases underscore how NBS enables personalized management and supports caregiver involvement from the earliest stages of life.

The limitation of our study is the short follow-up of the two infants reported. Further monitoring will allow us to identify the impact of new IGLL1 variants on clinical manifestation and immunological parameters.

Thus, this study highlights the potential underdiagnosis of B-cell lymphopenia secondary to IGLL1 variants. Furthermore, the comparison between clinically diagnosed cases and those identified through neonatal screening underscores the importance of early diagnosis. Early detection allows for close monitoring of these patients from birth, timely initiation of IgRT, and prevention of complications and severe manifestations.

Identification of ARA associated with IGLL1 variants through neonatal screening, along with long-term monitoring of affected patients, will expand our understanding of the disease's course and improve care for these patients.

Data availability statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Ethics statement

The studies involving humans were approved by I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical university. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. Written informed consent for participation in this study was provided by the participants' legal guardians/next of kin. Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s), and minor(s)' legal guardian/next of kin, for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.

Author contributions

OB: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. YR: Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing. IS: Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing. VK: Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing. IS: Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. HM: Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing, Conceptualization, Methodology.

Funding

The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research and/or publication of this article.

Acknowledgments

The authors appreciate Dr. Jolan E. Walter, University of South Florida and Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, FL, USA for her editing and valuable advice during the preparation of the manuscript.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Generative AI statement

The author(s) declare that no Generative AI was used in the creation of this manuscript.

Publisher's note

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