SYSTEMATIC REVIEW article
Front. Pediatr.
Sec. Children and Health
This article is part of the Research TopicInnovative Strategies For Managing Childhood Pain And Pediatric Palliative CareView all 3 articles
Music Intervention Alleviates Pain and Distress in Children Undergoing Vaccination: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Provisionally accepted
- 1Sichuan University West China Second University Hospital Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chengdu, China
- 2Sichuan University West China Second University Hospital, Chengdu, China
- 3Meishan Maternity and Child 11 Healthcare Hospital, Meishan, China
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Objectives: To systematically evaluate the efficacy of music intervention in reducing pain and distress among children during vaccination, addressing gaps in fragmented existing evidence. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science (inception to May 2024) for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing music intervention with routine care in children (0–12 years) undergoing vaccination. Pain and distress were measured via validated scales. Two reviewers independently conducted study selection, data extraction, and risk-of-bias assessment (Cochrane RoB 1.0 tool). Meta-analysis was performed using Stata 17.0, calculating the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) with a random-effects model. Heterogeneity and sensitivity analyses were also performed. Results: Five RCTs (306 children, 158 boys) from Turkey, the USA, Italy, and Iran were included. Participant ages ranged from infancy to 6 years. Music interventions varied in type (e.g., lullabies, children's songs) and duration. Music intervention significantly reduced both pain (SMD = –0.58, 95% CI: –0.92 to –0.24, I² = 20.7%, p < 0.001) and distress (SMD = –0.83, 95% CI: –1.12 to –0.54, I² = 38.1%, p < 0.001). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these findings, and most studies had a low risk of bias. Conclusion: Music intervention may be an effective, safe, low-cost non-pharmacological strategy to alleviate pediatric vaccination-related pain and distress, supporting its integration into clinical practice. Registration: PROSPERO (CRD420251132834).
Keywords: Music, Vaccination, Pain, distress, Children, Meta-analysis
Received: 05 Sep 2025; Accepted: 10 Nov 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Han, Wang, Lei, Wu, Zou and Li. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Jinbiao Han, jinbiaohan@hotmail.com
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