ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Pediatr.
Sec. Pediatric Infectious Diseases
Pathogen distribution, antimicrobial resistance and attributable cost analysis of neonatal sepsis in neonatal intensive care units: a propensity score matching study
Provisionally accepted
- 1Shandong University, Jinan, China
- 2Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Background: Neonatal sepsis (NS) is a serious infection in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) that treatment challenges due to evolving antimicrobial resistance and a substantial healthcare burden. The aim of this study was to analyze the pathogenic characteristics of NS in Chinese NICUs and its independent impact on length of stay (LOS) and hospitalization costs. Methods: A retrospective case-control study was conducted including 978 neonates from two tertiary NICUs between July 1, 2023, and June 30, 2024. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to balance the baseline characteristics between the NS and non-NS groups. Generalized linear models (GLM) were used to quantify the LOS and hospitalization costs attributable to NS. Pathogen distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns were also assessed. Results: The incidence of NS was 8.28%. The predominant pathogens of NS were Gram-positive bacteria (71.7%), with Staphylococcus epidermidis (50.5%) being the predominant pathogen. Notably, multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains accounted for 65.7% of all isolates. Antimicrobial resistance analysis revealed high resistance rates of Gram-positive bacteria to penicillin G (94.6%) and oxacillin (89.3%). Gram-negative pathogens exhibited high resistance to levofloxacin (75.0%), ceftriaxone (66.7%), cefepime (66.7%), and meropenem (58.3%). After PSM, the attributable LOS for NS was 11 days (P = 0.002) and the attributable cost for NS was $6,035.34 (P < 0.001). GLM This is a provisional file, not the final typeset article analysis showed that the LOS attributable to NS was 3.99 times longer (95% CI: 3.46–4.68) and total hospitalization costs were 1.68 times higher (95% CI: 1.42–2.00) than in non-NS patients. Conclusions: NS significantly increases the hospitalization resource consumption in NICUs. This study provides key evidence for optimizing antibiotic use strategies and advancing precision healthcare payment reform, and calls for integrating resistance surveillance with cost-control measures to reduce the health economic impact of NS.
Keywords: Neonatal sepsis, economic burden, Hospital Costs, Length of Stay, Propensity score matching
Received: 07 Sep 2025; Accepted: 07 Nov 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Zhang, Zhou, Long, Wang, Gao, Meng, Xue and Luan. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Xiaorong Luan, 199162000814@sdu.edu.cn
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