ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Pediatr.
Sec. Pediatric Critical Care
Evaluation of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, Transcranial Doppler, and Ophthalmic Ultrasound Measurements in Critically Ill Pediatric Patients with Increased Intracranial Pressure
Provisionally accepted
- Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Türkiye
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Objectives Non-invasive methods are needed to rapidly assess increased ICP, especially for managing patients when invasive devices are unavailable or contraindicated. This study aims to examine the diagnostic value of transcranial Doppler (TCD), ophthalmic ultrasound measurements, and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to define non-invasive ICP (nICP) in the evaluation of pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) patients with increased ICP. Methods This is a Single center prospective case-control study. The study group comprised 32 pediatric patients with increased ICP, while the control group comprised 64 healthy children. The following non-invasive methods were measured prospectively: optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD)-derived nICP (nICPONSD), central retinal artery Doppler indices, arterial TCD blood velocities, pulsatility index (PI)-derived nICP (nICPPI), Lindegaard ratio (L/R), and NIRS values. Results Mean ONSD, retinal artery resistive index (RI), middle cerebral artery (MCA) RI, nICPONSD, and L/R were significantly greater in the study group than the control group (p<0.000, p<0.000, p<0.011, p<0.000, p<0.000, respectively). There was no significant correlation between ONSD and NIRS values or between MCA PI and NIRS values. The ONSD measurement was the strongest parameter, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.92 (95% CI = 0.884–0.986) and the best cut-off value being 5.27 mm (sensitivity = 76.56%; specificity = 96.87%) for detecting increased ICP. Conclusion The availability and utilization of both TCD and ophthalmic ultrasound methods have recently increased. This is the first pediatric report that focuses on comparing ONSD, TCD, and NIRS and evaluates the Doppler indices in patients with increased ICP.
Keywords: Central retinal artery, Doppler indices, NIRS, optic nerve sheath diameter, pediatric, Pulsatility index, Resistive index, transcranial Doppler
Received: 23 Oct 2025; Accepted: 09 Dec 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Yavas, Yildizdas, Misirlioglu, Ekinci, Incecik and OZGUR HOROZ. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: Damla Pinar Yavas
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