Abstract
Dequalinium is used as an antimicrobial compound for oral health and other microbial infections. Derivatives of dequalinium, the bis-quinolinium cyclophanes UCL 1684 and UCL 1848, are high affinity SK potassium channel antagonists. Here we investigated these compounds as M3 muscarinic receptor (mACHR) antagonists. We used the R-CEPIAer endoplasmic reticulum calcium reporter to functionally assay for Gq-coupled receptor signaling, and investigated the bis-quinolinium cyclophanes as antagonists of M3 mACHR activation in transfected CHO cells. Given mACHR roles in airway smooth muscle (ASM) contractility, we also tested the ability of UCL 1684 to relax ASM. We find that these compounds antagonized M3 mACHRs with an IC50 of 0.27 μM for dequalinium chloride, 1.5 μM for UCL 1684 and 1.0 μM for UCL 1848. UCL 1684 also antagonized M1 (IC50 0.12 μM) and M5 (IC50 0.52 μM) mACHR responses. UCL 1684 was determined to be a competitive antagonist at M3 receptors as it increased the EC50 for carbachol without a reduction in the maximum response. The Ki for UCL1684 determined from competition binding experiments was 909 nM. UCL 1684 reduced carbachol-evoked ASM contractions (>90%, IC50 0.43 μM), and calcium mobilization in rodent and human lung ASM cells. We conclude that dequalinium and bis-quinolinium cyclophanes antagonized M3 mACHR activation at sub- to low micromolar concentrations, with UCL 1684 acting as an ASM relaxant. Caution should be taken when using these compounds to block SK potassium channels, as inhibition of mACHRs may be a side-effect if excessive concentrations are used.
Introduction
Dequalinium salts were first described as antibacterial agents (), that are currently in use in oral disinfectant mouthwashes (i.e. Dequadin and others) (; ; ), and also for treatment of vaginal bacterial infections (; ). More recently, dequalinium has been shown to accumulate in mitochondria () which may underlie its antitumor activity (; ), but also has been useful as a mitochondrial targeting agent for chemotherapeutics () and gene delivery ().
Given the potential therapeutic uses of dequalinium compounds, it is important to understand their binding targets. Dequalinium modifies the activity of a number of receptors and ion channels. This was first evidenced by early studies showing that dequalinium had paralyzing activity after injection into mice and rabbits (). Consistent with its paralyzing activity, studies in frog and rat sympathetic neurons directly showed that dequalinium reduced cholinergic neurotransmission, and responses to nicotinic receptor agonists (). Others showed that while dequalinium could block nicotinic responses in skeletal muscle, it was also an effective blocker of SK potassium channels (IC50 1.5 μM) (; ). Given that dequalinium was the first synthetic compound that could block SK potassium channels at micromolar concentrations, it was used as a template for modifications that would increase affinity for SK channels (; ; ). These efforts led to the synthesis of compounds that could block SK channels at nanomolar concentrations, and included the dequalinium-cyclophanes UCL 1684 (IC50 3 nM) () and UCL 1848 (IC50 2.7 nM) (). UCL 1684, and to a lesser extent, UCL 1848, have been extensively employed as alternatives to the SK channel antagonist peptide, Apamin, to interrogate the physiological roles of SK channels and as potential therapeutic agents (; ). Dequalinium was also shown to block cyclic nucleotide-gated channels with IC50 of 190 nM for CNG1 and 2.4 μM for CNG2 channels (). More recently, it has been found that dequalinium and UCL 1684 also inhibit TrpM3 and TrpM7 channels (~30%–50% reduction) albeit at much lower affinity (30 μM concentration) ().
Given the common use of UCL 1684 to block SK channels, and early studies suggesting that dequalinium may also antagonize muscarinic responses (), we investigated UCL 1684 interactions with muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. We focused on M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors since these receptors have broad roles in smooth muscle contractility in many organs including airway, bladder and gut smooth muscle. Our primary goal was to characterize UCL 1684 pharmacology with transfected muscarinic receptors in CHO cells, and corroborate these potential interactions using physiological studies in airway smooth muscle.
Materials and Methods
Tracheal Tension Measurements
Mice used in these studies were BALB/C mice from Jackson Labs. All animal procedures were reviewed and approved by the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. For tracheal constriction studies, animals were deeply anesthetized with isoflurane and then sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Isometric tracheal contraction measurements were performed as previously described (). Trachea were removed and surrounding tissues dissected in ice-cold physiologic saline solution (PSS) consisting of 119 mM NaCl, 4.7 mM KCl, 2.0 mM CaCl2, 1.0 mM KH2PO4, 1.17 mM MgSO4, 18 mM NaHCO3, 0.026 mM EDTA, 11 mM glucose, and 12.5 mM sucrose. Trachea were cut below the pharynx and above the primary bronchus bifurcation. Two metal wires, attached to a force transducer and micrometer (Radnoti, LLC), were threaded into the lumen of the trachea. Trachea were placed into an oxygenated organ bath (95% O2, 5% CO2), at 37°C, pH 7.35 (after bubbling with 95% O2–5% CO2). Tracheal resting tension was readjusted to 1 gram over 1 h and then challenged with 67 mM potassium PSS with NaCl adjusted to 56.7 mM to maintain proper osmolarity (KPS). Trachea were challenged two or more times until reproducible contractile responses were achieved. All subsequent experimental drug responses were normalized to the KPS response. Bladder measurements were conducted in a similar manner as trachea with identical solutions. The bladder was excised and formed into a ring by cutting anterior and posterior portions before mounting on metal wires for force measurements. For the aorta preparation, the ascending thoracic aorta was excised and cut into 2–3 mm sections before mounting on wires for force measurements.
Measurement of Bronchial Diameter Changes
Experiments using mouse lung slices were conducted as described (). Eight-week-old Balb/C mice were sacrificed by deep isoflurane anesthesia followed by cervical dislocation. Trachea were isolated, cannulated with a blunt needle and the lungs filled with 3 ml of Hanks balanced salt solution (HBSS) with 2% low-temperature melt agarose at 37°C followed by 0.5 ml of air to clear the airways of agarose. The mouse thoracic cavity was exposed and the lungs chilled with an ice bath. After gelling of the agarose, the lungs were removed and 200 μm sections made with a Leica Vibratome VT1200. The sections were placed in DMEM in a tissue-culture incubator at 37°C for up to 8 h. Experiments measuring diameter changes were conducted using an inverted 10X phase contrast objective and oblique lighting in a constant perfusion (0.5 ml/min) bath of HBSS at 22°C solution. Contractions were evoked by perfusion with 0.5 μM carbachol in HBSS followed by washout to precarbachol size. The effects of UCL 1684 were determined by perfusion with 5 μM UCL 1684 in HBSS for 5 min, followed by combined carbachol plus UCL 1684 and compared to carbachol-induced diameter change alone.
Tracheal Smooth Muscle Cell Calcium Imaging
Rat trachea were isolated as described above, except that a guillotine was used for sacrifice instead of cervical dislocation. The dorsal muscle layer was removed from the hyaline cartilage rings and minced into ~1-mm fragments in Ca2+-free HEPES-buffered Krebs solution (140 mM NaCl, 4.7 mM KCl, 1.13 mM MgCl2, 10 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose, pH 7.3). The tracheal smooth muscle (TSM) fragments were digested with 2.5 U/ml papain (MP Biomedicals) with 1 mg/ml BSA fraction V and 1 mg/ml dithiothreitol at 37°C on a rocking platform (250 rotations/min) for 20 min. After washing once with the Ca2+-free Krebs solution the TSM fragments were digested with 12.5 U/ml of type VII collagenase (Sigma Chemical) for 10 min on a rocking platform at 37°C, washed and centrifuged (750 G for two min.) three times in Ca2+-free Krebs-BSA solution and gently triturated up to 5 min to disburse single tracheal myocytes. TSM cells were stored on ice in Ca2+-free Krebs-BSA solution and used the same day.
TSM cells were placed on a coverslip in a 1 ml perfusion chamber on an inverted microscope and incubated with 20 μM Cal-520 AM dye (AAT Bioquest, Sunnyvale, California, USA) in 0.2% Pluronic F-127 and 1 mM probenecid in HBSS at room temperature for 30 min. The chamber was fitted with a top adaptor and coverslip (Warner Instruments, RC37WC) to establish a closed perfusion chamber. The cells were imaged at 20 second intervals using 488 nm excitation on a Nikon swept-field confocal microscope using slit-scan mode, 2×2 Binning, and 100 millisecond frames.
Due to the loss of functional muscarinic receptors in primary bronchial smooth muscle cells in culture, calcium imaging was performed in human primary bronchial smooth muscle cells (ScienCell, passage 3) stably transfected with the human M3 muscarinic receptor. Human M3 receptor transfected clones were stably selected with G418, and individual clones were expanded to a 10 cm dish and frozen into aliquots, and analyzed after a maximum of two additional passages.
Assay of Gq-Coupled Receptor Activation
The binding of antagonists to Gq-coupled receptors was determined by measuring IP3-mediated calcium depletion from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This was accomplished using CHO-K1 cells stably transfected with human M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (CEM3000000, cDNA Resource Center, Bloomsburg University) and R-CEPIAer, a low affinity ER-targeted calcium indicator fluorescent protein (). R-CEPIAer reporting of ER calcium concentration was assessed using 564 nm excitation light (>590 long-pass emission) at 20 second intervals on a Nikon swept-field confocal microscope using slit-scan mode, 2x2 Binning, and 100 millisecond frames. F/Fmax was fluorescence intensity normalized to maximal fluorescence intensity during the experiment. The response of cells to Gq-coupled receptor agonist were measured as the change in F/Fmax (ΔF/Fmax) from preagonist value to fluorescence minimum during agonist application (that occurs by IP3-mediated ER calcium depletion). This generally resulted in a ΔF/Fmax of ~ 0.8–0.7 in most experiments using 0.5 μM carbachol (i.e. Figure 1A). Experiments were generally paired to compare a first control response to carbachol (or other agonist), to a second carbachol response with antagonist (i.e. Figure 1A). Perfusion of each agonist application was for 2 min, while the antagonist overlapped and preceded the second agonist application by 3 min. The second ΔF/Fmax response with antagonist was divided by the first ΔF/Fmax without antagonist to obtain a fractional inhibition value, with no inhibition having a theoretical value of 0 (i.e. response to 0.1% DMSO was 0.0004, Figure 1A) and complete inhibition having a value of 1 (i.e. 5 μM UCL 1684 was 0.99, Figure 1B). IC50 was calculated by assaying fractional inhibition using a dose-response of antagonist concentrations (i.e. Figure 1D). For assays of other receptors such as the M1 and M5 muscarinic receptors, H1 histamine and P2Y1 purinergic receptors, these receptors were transiently co-transfected with the pCMV R-CEPIAer plasmid (a gift from Masamitsu Iino (Addgene plasmid # 58216; http://n2t.net/addgene:58216; RRID : Addgene_58216)) into CHO cells using polyethylenimine [according to previous methods ()]. IC50 and EC50 values were estimated by fitting the dose-response relationship to a Hill equation.
Figure 1
To obtain a pKB using a Schild analysis (), the acetylcholine EC50 was measured in the absence of UCL1684 and EC50′ measured in the presence of increasing concentrations of UCL1684. These values were used to calculate a dose ratio (DR = EC50′/EC50) for each UCL1684 concentration. The log(DR − 1) was plotted vs. log UCL1684 concentrations and fit to a linear equation where the theoretical X-intercept was used to estimate a pKB.
Radioligand Binding
Competition binding assays were done with [3H]-N-methyl-scopolamine ([3H]-NMS, PerkinElmer) essentially as described () with minor modifications. Membrane homogenates were prepared in HEPES assay buffer (20 mM HEPES, 100 mM NaCl, and 10 mM MgCl, pH 7.4) by trituration on ice through a 26-gauge needle followed by centrifugation at 39,000g in Sorval RC-6+ centrifuge. Membranes were resuspended in assay buffer and protein concentration determined by the method of Bradford using bovine serum albumin as a standard (). Membranes (25 µg) were incubated along with 0.9 nM 3H- NMS without or with UCL1684 concentrations (10-11M to 10-4M in triplicate) for 120 min at 30°C in 96 multiwell GF/C filter plates (MilliporeSigma) coated with 0.3% polyethyleneimine (Sigma). The assay was terminated by rapid filtration using a MilliporeSigma vacuum manifold followed by three washes with ice-cold wash buffer (20mM HEPES, pH 7.4). Filters were removed and placed in 7 ml scintillation vials containing 5 ml scintillation fluid (National Diagnostics) and radioactivity counted using a Beckman LS-6500 ß-counter. Nonspecific binding was defined by 100 µM atropine. The Ki value for UCL1684 was determined for each of three separate binding assays using the one-site fit Ki equation with Prism software (Graphpad, version 8) where the Kd for [3H]-NMS was constrained to 0.56 nM ().
Data Analysis
Igor 5 (Igor, WaveMetrics Inc.), KaleidaGraph 4.1.1 (Synergy Software), and Excel 2007 (Microsoft Corp.) were used for statistical analyses. Significance was determined with paired or unpaired t-test. The effects were deemed significant when a P < 0.05 was obtained. The results are expressed as the means ± standard error of means where applicable.
Results
Inhibition of M3 Muscarinic Receptors
CHO cells were stably transfected with human M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and R-CEPIAer reporter of ER calcium. M3 muscarinic receptor activation causes Gq signaling that in turn leads to IP3-mediated calcium depletion from the ER (), which can be assayed using the R-CEPIAer fluorescent reporter (). In paired experiments, a reproducible depletion of ER calcium was seen upon repeated application of muscarinic receptor agonist 0.5 μM carbachol (CCH) without and with vehicle (0.1% DMSO, Figure 1A). However, UCL 1684 (5 μM) preceding and during the second application of 0.5 μM CCH completely blocked the muscarinic response (Figure 1B, fractional inhibition 0.99 ± 0.011). The antagonist effect was specific to the M3 muscarinic receptor, and not downstream Gq signaling since UCL 1684 did not block the effect of other Gq-coupled receptors such as purinergic receptor P2Y1 (Figure 1C, fractional inhibition 0.067 ± 0.06) or histamine receptor H1 (data not shown, fractional inhibition -0.008 ± 0.04). The dose-response relationship between UCL 1684 and CCH-evoked calcium release was investigated also using paired experiments (as in Figure 1B) and varying the UCL 1684 concentration. A half maximal concentration of 1.5 μM UCL 1684 blocked the response of M3 muscarinic receptors to 0.5 μM CCH (Figure 1D). UCL 1684 also blocked activation of the related M1 and M5 muscarinic receptors with IC50’s of 0.12 μM and 0.52 μM, respectively (Figure 1D).
The nature of the antagonism of UCL 1684 on muscarinic receptors was investigated by assaying the effect of UCL 1684 on the CCH dose-response. CCH-dose responses comparing control (top, Figure 1E) to 10 μM UCL 1684 treatment (bottom, Figure 1E) reveal a reduced sensitivity of receptors to CCH with UCL 1684. Summary data comparing several UCL1684 concentrations demonstrate a rightward shift of the CCH dose-response with increased concentrations of UCL1684, without a change in the maximal response (Figure 1F). This suggests that UCL 1684 acts as a competitive antagonist for CCH binding to muscarinic receptors (). The data was evaluated using a Schild analysis (Figure 1G) which indicated a linear relationship (slope 0.94) consistent with competitive antagonism and an estimated equilibrium binding constant (KB) of 155 nM. The affinity of UCL1684 for M3 receptors expressed in CHO cells was also determined in competition binding assays using [3H]-N-methyl-scopolamine (example experiment in Figure 1H). The pKi was 6.04 ± 0.04 (909 nM, Mean ± SEM, n=3).
We also tested the UCL 1684-related bis-quinolinium cyclophane, UCL 1848 (). Figure 2A shows that 5 μM UCL 1848 fully prevented the CCH-evoked calcium depletion (Figure 2A), and the dose-response experiment revealed that UCL 1848 blocked the muscarinic response with an IC50 of 1.0 μM (Figure 2B). As well, dequalinium chloride effectively blocked M3 receptor activation (Figure 2C) with an IC50 of 0.27 μM (Figure 2D). As a control, we also investigated an unrelated SK channel antagonist NS8593, which antagonizes SK channel at submicromolar concentrations through effects on calcium sensing rather than pore blocking as UCL 1684 (; ). As expected, NS8593 dose-response curve indicates that effects of micromolar concentration (10 μM) was undetectable (Figure 2F), but we nevertheless could see partial antagonist effect at very high concentrations (100 μM, Figure 2E) with an estimated IC50 of 83 μM (Figure 2F).
Figure 2
Inhibition of Smooth Muscle Contraction
Given that M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors play a key role in regulating airway smooth muscle (ASM) contractility, we investigated UCL 1684 physiological effects on muscle contractility. We used isolated mouse tracheal rings and measured isometric force in an organ bath to determine if drugs modulate ASM contractions. Tracheas were precontracted with a half-maximal concentration (0.5 μM) of CCH, and relaxation was assayed using increasing cumulative concentrations of UCL 1684 (Figure 3A). We found that UCL 1684 caused relaxation, with half-maximal concentration of 0.43 μM (Figure 3B), and near complete relaxation with 1.8 μM. Consistent with the pharmacology data (Figure 2C), NS8593 caused relaxation at much higher concentrations (Figure 3C). On average, NS8593 had a half maximal concentration of 31 μM and caused complete relaxation at the highest concentration of 76.8 μM (Figure 3D). Consistent with the drug action that is independent of SK channels, peptide blocker of SK channels, Apamin (100 nM), did not relax ASM contractions (Figure 3E), and even increased contractions slightly (summarized in Figure 3F).
Figure 3
We investigated if UCL 1684 relaxation of smooth muscle also acted on other known cholinergic responsive (bladder) or cholinergic non-responsive (vascular) smooth muscle (; ; ). Pretreatment with UCL 1684 partially inhibited relaxation of bladder contraction (Figure 4A, top panel, summarized in 4B), and caused little inhibition of phenylephrine-evoked contraction of vascular (aortic) rings (summarized in Figure 4B).
Figure 4
Others have reported that both UCL 1684 and NS8593 also inhibit TrpM3 and TrpM7 channels (). We therefore investigated if using saturating concentrations of TrpM channel antagonist would have similar effects as UCL 1684. We applied inhibitors of TrpM3/7 channels, including 25 μM nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NGDA) (), and 8.1 μM Sphingosine (), and observed small effects on airway contraction (Figure 4B).
To investigate if UCL 1684 could function on lower airways smooth muscle, we measured bronchial diameter changes in precision cut mouse lung slices and in response to cholinergic activation. Figure 5A shows a control experiment (upper row) where airway diameter was compared with repeated treatment of 0.5 μM CCH. After washout of a first CCH administration, vehicle pretreatment and the second CCH administration shows a similar diameter, which was 79.0% of the first CCH response (summarized in Figure 5B). Application of UCL 1684 preceding the second CCH administration inhibited bronchial constriction, as the diameter was on average 178.3 larger than CCH treatment alone (Figure 5A lower row, summarized in Figure 5B).
Figure 5
Inhibition of Smooth Muscle Calcium Release
M3 muscarinic receptors mediate smooth muscle contraction through IP3-mediated calcium release (). The effect of UCL 1684 on calcium release was assessed in rat primary tracheal smooth muscle cells using the calcium-sensitive dye AM-Ca520 to measure cytosolic calcium. We found that individual cells had variable responses to cholinergic activation, with some cells showing extensive calcium oscillations while others showing few. We therefore compared CCH-evoked calcium release before and after treatment within the same cell. Overall, UCL 1684 reduced CCH-evoked cytosolic calcium to 42% of control (Figure 6A, lower panel and summarized in Figure 6C), which was significantly larger effect than then the 72% of vehicle treatment alone (Figure 6A, upper panel, summarized in Figure 6C). We also conducted similar experiments in early passage human bronchial smooth muscle cells (BSMC, Figure 6B) which showed a more reproducible response to repeated CCH administration. Vehicle treatment caused a second response that was 97% of control (Figure 6B, upper panel). However, UCL 1684 significantly reduced CCH-evoked cytosolic calcium to 38% of control (Figure 6B lower panel, summarized in Figure 6C).
Figure 6
Discussion
Our key finding is that dequalinium compounds are antagonists of M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors at low micromolar to nanomolar concentrations (Figure 1). Schild analysis of the calcium release data indicates that UCL1684 is a competitive antagonist for cholinergic binding to M3 receptors with a KB of 155 nM. However, the affinity (Ki) determined from competition binding experiments indicate Ki of was much lower (900 nM). This difference in affinity measurements may simply be due to the fact that binding equilibrium was not achieved in the calcium release assay resulting in overestimation of UCL 1684 affinity. In contrast, UCL 1684 and UCL 1848 have higher affinity to SK potassium channels with IC50 of 3 nM and 2 nM, respectively, as determined by effects on SK-dependent fast-afterhyperpolarizing currents (; ; ). Radioligand competition assays (using 125I-Apamin) similarly indicate high affinity binding of UCL1684 with Ki of 1 nM for SK2 and 7.7 nM for SK3 channels (). Despite high affinity to SK channels, micromolar concentrations of UCL 1684 are sometimes used to overcome diffusion issues through tissues or brain slices (; ; ; ) or perhaps when administering to whole animals (). The consequence is that these drugs may also inadvertently block muscarinic responses. Indeed, we found M1 receptors were particularly sensitive to UCL 1684 with an IC50 of 0.12 μM (Figure 1D).
Poorly absorbed quaternary ammonium-inhaled muscarinic antagonists such as ipatroprium (short acting), and tiotropium (long acting) have long been used as inhaled bronchodilators for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (; ), and more recently as an adjunct therapy for asthma (). Given that UCL 1684 is also a muscarinic receptor antagonist, we examined its effects on airway contractions. We indeed found that UCL 1684 acts at submicromolar concentrations to reduce cholinergic-evoked calcium release, and thereby relax airway smooth muscle. UCL 1684 was found to have sustained effects and required at least an hour of washout to restore tracheal responses to cholinergic agonists (data not shown). Further, one might hypothesize that the reduced calcium release may have the added benefit of preventing asthma induced airway remodeling that is dependent on calcium (; ; ).
Dequalinium salts have been used extensively for their broad bactericidal and fungicidal activity (). These compounds are used as topical antimicrobials (Neodequin), for mouth infections (Dequadin) and also for vaginal bacterial infections (Fluomizin). Dequalinium chloride has relatively low toxicity via oral administration (LD50 in mouse of 300 mg/kg), but LD50 18.3 mg/kg in mouse with intraperitoneal administration ). Interestingly, the sore throat and mouth side-effects seen for Dequadin could be due to its antimuscarinic activity that is a common side effect due to reduced oral secretions. It is possible that dequalinium chloride, if accessible to target organs, might be a useful alternative to other antimuscarinics such as treatment for bronchoconstriction, pupil dilation, motion sickness, bradycardia, and overactive bladder (; ; ; ; ).
Funding
This work was supported by NIH grants AI113724, DA038645, DA048214; NSF grant 1456862, and the Welch Foundation grant AQ-1980-20190330.
Statements
Data availability statement
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
Ethics statement
The animal study was reviewed and approved by UT Health San Antonio Institutional Care and Use Committee.
Author contributions
RB, PD, KB, and EB designed the experiments. RB wrote and finalized the manuscript. VB, DW, BW, IS, HS, and PC conducted experiments and data analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgments
We wish to acknowledge the technical assistance of Hannah Chuang.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Abbreviations
BSA, bovine serum albumin; Ca2+, calcium; CCH, carbachol; IC50, the concentration necessary to reduce a response by half; EC50, the concentration that gives half-maximal response; HBSS, Hanks balanced salt solution; PSS, physiological saline solution; TSM, tracheal smooth muscle; SK, small-conductance, calcium-activated potassium channel; UCL 1684: 6,12,19,20,25,26-Hexahydro-5,27:13,18:21,24-trietheno-11,7-metheno-7H-dibenzo [b,n] [1,5,12,16]tetraazacyclotricosine-5,13-diium dibromide; UCL 1848: 8,14-Diaza-1,7(1,4)-diquinolinacyclotetradecaphane trifluoroacetate salt; NS8593: N-[(1R)-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1-naphthalenyl]-1H-benzimidazol-2-amine hydrochloride, dequalinium chloride: 1-[10-(4-imino-2-methyl-1,4-dihydroquinolin-1-yl)decyl]-2-methyl-1,4-dihydroquinolin-4-imine dihydrochloride.
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Summary
Keywords
muscarinic receptor, SK channel, dequalinium, UCL 1684, airway smooth muscle, contraction
Citation
Bugay V, Wallace DJ, Wang B, Salinas I, Chapparo AP, Smith HR, Dube PH, Brooks EG, Berg KA and Brenner R (2020) Bis-Quinolinium Cyclophane Blockers of SK Potassium Channels Are Antagonists of M3 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors. Front. Pharmacol. 11:552211. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.552211
Received
16 April 2020
Accepted
27 August 2020
Published
16 September 2020
Volume
11 - 2020
Edited by
Vsevolod V. Gurevich, Vanderbilt University, United States
Reviewed by
Jürgen Wess, National Institutes of Health (NIH), United States; Christopher Langmead, Monash University, Australia
Updates
Copyright
© 2020 Bugay, Wallace, Wang, Salinas, Chapparo, Smith, Dube, Brooks, Berg and Brenner.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Robert Brenner, brennerr@uthscsa.edu
This article was submitted to Experimental Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, a section of the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology
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