Respiratory virus-induced bacterial dysregulation in pediatric airway tissue and the dual actions of Echinacea in reducing complications

Selvarani Vimalanathan^1*Mahfuza Sreya²Ranganayaki Nandanavanam³Roland Schoop⁴Giuseppe Gancitano⁵Saba Saberi¹Anna Malikovskaia¹James Hudson¹

• ¹Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia., Vancouver, Canada
• ²Women+ and Children’s Health Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
• ³Applied Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
• ⁴Medical Department, A. Vogel Bioforce AG, Roggwil TG, Switzerland
• ⁵Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) contribute to pediatric morbidity and are often complicated by viral-bacterial superinfections, which exacerbate disease severity and increase antibiotic use. This study examined viral-induced bacterial adhesion in an ex vivo pediatric airway model and the therapeutic potential of Echinacea purpurea extract.EpiAirway tissue from a 6-year-old boy was infected with rrespiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3), or rhinovirus 14 (RV14). Adhesion of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) was assessed alongside the expression of platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFr), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule-1 (CEACAM-1). Echinaforce® (EF extract) was tested for its effect on bacterial dysregulation.RSV and HPIV3 increased bacterial adhesion through by upregulating PAFr, ICAM-1, and CEACAM-1. upregulation. Hib adhered primarily via ICAM-1, while S. pneumoniae favored PAFr. RV14 strongly induced CEACAM-1 but did not cause significant bacterial dysregulation. EF significantly reduced virus-induced receptor overexpression, resulting in inhibition ofng bacterial adhesion and biofilm-like formation.Our findings provide a mechanistic explanation for the observed effects of Echinacea purpurea in reducing RTI complications and the need for antibiotic prescriptions in clinical settings.