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CORRECTION article

Front. Pharmacol., 07 August 2025

Sec. Ethnopharmacology

Volume 16 - 2025 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2025.1656368

This article is part of the Research TopicNovel Natural Therapies for Infectious Diseases Using Computational and Pharmacological ApproachesView all 6 articles

Correction: Respiratory virus-induced bacterial dysregulation in pediatric airway tissue and the dual actions of Echinacea in reducing complications

This article is a correction to:

  1. Respiratory virus-induced bacterial dysregulation in pediatric airway tissue and the dual actions of Echinacea in reducing complications

    1. Read original article
Selvarani Vimalanathan Selvarani Vimalanathan1*Mahfuza SreyaMahfuza Sreya2Ranganayaki NandanavanamRanganayaki Nandanavanam3Roland SchoopRoland Schoop4Giuseppe GancitanoGiuseppe Gancitano5Saba SaberiSaba Saberi1Anna MalikovskaiaAnna Malikovskaia1James HudsonJames Hudson1
  • 1Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  • 2Women+ and Children’s Health Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  • 3Applied Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
  • 4Medical Department, A.Vogel AG, Roggwil, Switzerland
  • 5Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

A Correction on
Respiratory virus-induced bacterial dysregulation in pediatric airway tissue and the dual actions of Echinacea in reducing complications

by Vimalanathan S, Sreya M, Nandanavanam R, Schoop R, Gancitano G, Saberi S, Malikovskaia A and Hudson J (2025). Front. Pharmacol. 16:1579551. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1579551

In the published article, there were errors in Figures 1, 2 as published. The figures were truncated on one side, displaying only part of the images. The corrected Figures 1, 2 and their captions appear below.

Figure 1
Fluorescent microscopy images of cellular structures in blue and green. Panels A and C show dense blue oval shapes above a continuous green band, while Panels B and D show similar structures with variations in cell density and distribution.

Figure 1. Efficacy of Echinaforce in reducing RSV-induced S. pneumoniae adhesion in pediatric EpiAirway tissue. (A) EpiAirway tissues cultured in an air-liquid interface (ALI) were stained with anti-S. pneumoniae antibody (green) and DAPI for nuclei, visualized at ×20 magnification. Representative images are shown for the following conditions: (A) Vehicle Control + S. pneumoniae, (B) RSV + S. pneumoniae, (C) RSV + EF 1:200 + S. pneumoniae, and (D) RSV + EF 1:400 + S. pneumoniae. (B) Bar chart shows S. pneumoniae adhesion under different conditions: uninfected tissue (infected with S. pneumoniae but not RSV), RSV-infected, and RSV-infected tissues treated with Echinaforce® (EF) at 1:200 and 1:400 dilutions. Data represent ALI-cultured EpiAirway tissues, with statistical significance indicated (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01) ns = not significant.

Figure 2
Fluorescent microscopy images showing four panels labeled A, B, C, and D. Each panel displays blue-stained cells and red markers against a black background. The scale bar indicates a size of fifty micrometers.

Figure 2. Efficacy of Echinaforce in reducing RSV-induced Hib adhesion in pediatric EpiAirway tissue. (A) EpiAirway tissues cultured in an air-liquid interface (ALI) were stained with anti-Hib antibody (green) and DAPI for nuclei, visualized at ×20 magnification. Representative images are shown for the following conditions: (A) Vehicle Control + Hib, (B) RSV + Hib, (C) RSV + EF 1:200 + Hib, and (D) RSV + EF 1:400 + Hib. (B) Bar chart shows Hib adhesion under different conditions: uninfected tissue (infected with Hib but not RSV), RSV-infected, and RSV-infected tissues treated with EF at 1:200 and 1:400 dilutions. Statistical significance is indicated p < 0.05 (*), ns = not significant.

The original version of this article has been updated.

Publisher’s note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Keywords: pediatrics, EpiAirway viral-bacterial superinfections, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, respiratory syncytial virus, human parainfluenza virus type 3, rhinovirus, Echinacea purpurea

Citation: Vimalanathan S, Sreya M, Nandanavanam R, Schoop R, Gancitano G, Saberi S, Malikovskaia A and Hudson J (2025) Correction: Respiratory virus-induced bacterial dysregulation in pediatric airway tissue and the dual actions of Echinacea in reducing complications. Front. Pharmacol. 16:1656368. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1656368

Received: 30 June 2025; Accepted: 29 July 2025;
Published: 07 August 2025.

Edited and Reviewed by:

Saravana Kumar Pachaiyappan, Westlake University, China

Copyright © 2025 Vimalanathan, Sreya, Nandanavanam, Schoop, Gancitano, Saberi, Malikovskaia and Hudson. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Selvarani Vimalanathan, c2VsdmFyYW5pLnZpbWFsYW5hdGhhbkB1YmMuY2E=

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.