ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Psychiatry
Sec. Mood Disorders
Volume 16 - 2025 | doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1545132
This article is part of the Research TopicClinical Guidelines in Bipolar Disorder: Applications and EvaluationView all 7 articles
Evaluating the Efficacy of Three Classical EEG Paradigms in the Discrimination of Bipolar Depression
Provisionally accepted
- 1The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, China
- 2School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- 3Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
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Objective: Given the lack of consensus regarding the optimal EEG paradigm for identifying bipolar depression (BD), this study sought to systematically evaluate the efficacy of three classic EEG paradigms-eyes open, eyes closed, and free viewing-in diagnosing BD.Methods: EEGs were collected from 28 individuals diagnosed with BD and 42 healthy controls(HCs) across three experimental conditions: eyes closed, eyes open, and free viewing.Sociodemographic data and neuropsychological testing were also collected. This research investigated notable variations in brain functional connectivity between the two groups across paradigms, the correlation of features with neuropsychological assessments, and classification outcomes.The results demonstrated that under the eyes-closed paradigm, significant differences in the Phase Lag Index (PLI) were consistently observed across the δ, θ, β, and γ frequency bands. This paradigm also featured the highest number of electrodes significantly correlated with cognitive scales. Furthermore, the eyes-closed condition achieved the highest accuracy in bipolar depression recognition, with the Random Forest classifier yielding the highest accuracy of 79.43% and an F1 score of 76.82%. These findings underscore the eyes closed paradigm as a superior, straightforward EEG experimental approach for the diagnosis of bipolar depression.Conclusions: This study indicates that the eyes closed experimental paradigm more effectively demonstrates the electrophysiological disparities between patients with BD and HCs, in comparison to the eyes open paradigm and the action observation-based free viewing paradigms, as determined through the analysis of various outcome metrics.
Keywords: bipolar depression (BD), electroencephalogram (EEG), experimental paradigms， Phase Lag Index, Neuropsychological assessments, And classification
Received: 14 Dec 2024; Accepted: 28 Apr 2025.
Copyright: © 2025 Yang, Pi, Wang, Huang, Tang, Wang and Wen. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
* Correspondence: lin Sheng Wen, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong Province, China
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