Self-assisted deterministic hyperentangled-Bell-state analysis for polarization and double longitudinal momentum degrees of freedom of photon system

Abstract

Hyperentangled state analysis is an important module in high-capacity quantum communication. We present a self-assisted deterministic hyperentangled-Bell-state analysis (HBSA) scheme for photon system entangled in three degrees of freedom (DOFs), where 64 polarization-double longitudinal momentum hyperentangled Bell states are completely distinguished. In this HBSA scheme, the four first longitudinal momentum Bell states are distinguished determinately by nondestructive first longitudinal momentum Bell state analyzer, which is constructed with cross-Kerr nonlinearity medium. The 16 second longitudinal momentum-polarization hyperentangled Bell states are distinguished determinately by self-assisted second longitudinal momentum-polarization hyperentangled Bell state analyzer using linear optical elements, where the first longitudinal momentum Bell state and time-bin entangled state are used as auxiliary. Using this self-assisted method, the application of nonlinear optical resource in HBSA scheme has been largely reduced, which makes this self-assisted deterministic HBSA scheme has potential application prospects in high-capacity quantum communication.

1 Introduction

Entangled photon system is an important quantum resource in quantum information protocol, and it has important applications in quantum communication (Sidhu et al., 2021), such as quantum dense coding (Bennett and Wiesner, 1992; Liu et al., 2002), quantum teleportation (Bennett et al., 1993; Graham et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2020), quantum secret sharing (Hillery et al., 1999; Karlsson et al., 1999; Xiao et al., 2004; Luo et al., 2019; Gu et al., 2021), quantum key distribution (Bennett et al., 1992; Shang et al., 2020; Chai et al., 2020; Xu et al., 2020; Pittaluga et al., 2021; Chen et al., 2021; Liu H et al., 2021; Liu W.-B et al., 2021; Woodward et al., 2021; Kwek et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2022; Xie et al., 2022), quantum secure direct communication (Long and Liu, 2002; Deng et al., 2003; Deng and Long, 2004; Zhang et al., 2017; Zhou et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2022), quantum digital signatures (Lu et al., 2021) and so on. In the quantum communication protocols, the entangled state analysis is a crucial step to read out quantum information. Using only linear optical elements, the success rate of Bell state analysis (BSA) is 50% in theory and experiment (Mattle et al., 1996; Lütkenhaus et al., 1999; Vaidman and Yoran, 1999; Calsamiglia, 2002; Ursin et al., 2004; Van Houwelingen et al., 2006). If nonlinear optical elements are introduced in BSA, the success rate of BSA can be increased to 100% (Lin et al., 2009; Bonato et al., 2010).

Photon system has multiple DOFs, such as polarization, momentum (spatial), temporal, frequency and so on. The entanglement can be existed in multiple DOFs of photon system simultaneously, which is called hyperentanglement (Kwiat and Weinfurter, 1998), and the hyperentangled photon states have been prepared in many types, such as polarization-frequency hyperentanglement (Yabushita and Kobayashi, 2004), polarization-temporal hyperentanglement (Schuck et al., 2006), polarization-momentum hyperentanglement (Barbieri et al., 2005; Barbieri et al., 2007; Vallone et al., 2009), polarization-momentum-temporal hyperentanglement (Barreiro et al., 2005) and polarization-orbital-angular-momentum hyperentanglement (Barreiro et al., 2008). Hyperentanglment has important applications in quantum error-correcting (Wilde and Uskov, 2009; Li et al., 2016), quantum cryptography (Bruss and Macchiavello, 2002; Cerf et al., 2002), quantum repeater (Wang et al., 2012), entanglement purification (Simon and Pan, 2002; Li, 2010; Sheng and Deng, 2010a; 2010b), and BSA (Walborn et al., 2003; Schuck et al., 2006; Barbieri et al., 2007; Williams et al., 2017), where entanglement in the additional DOF is used as auxiliary.

Hyperentanglement can be used to enhance the channel capacity of quantum communication, such as hyperdense coding (Barreiro et al., 2008), quantum hyperteleportation (Sheng et al., 2010; Wang X.-L. et al., 2015), hyperentanglement swapping (Sheng et al., 2010; Ren et al., 2012), hyperentanglement purification (Ren et al., 2014; Wang T.-J. et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2016b), and hyperentanglement concentration (Ren et al., 2013; Li and Ghose, 2015). In the high-capacity quantum communication, HBSA is crucial step to read out the quantum information (Cui et al., 2019; Zou et al., 2020). Using only linear optical elements, the 16 polarization-momentum hyperentangled Bell states can be divided to seven groups (Wei et al., 2007), and the differentiable groups can be increased by using entangled states of additional DOFs as auxiliary (Li and Ghose, 2017). Especially, the 16 polarization-momentum hyperentangled Bell states can be completely distinguished via linear optics, assisted by time bin and an auxiliary fixed Bell state of another momentum DOF (Gao et al., 2019).

The success rate of HBSA can also be increased by using nonlinear optical elements. In 2010, Sheng et al. (2010) gave the first scheme for the complete HBSA with the help of cross-Kerr nonlinearity, which can completely distinguish the 16 polarization-spatial hyperentangled Bell states. Subsequently, the complete HBSA schemes have been investigated using one-sided quantum-dot-cavity system (Ren et al., 2012) and double-sided quantum-dot-cavity system (Wang et al., 2016a). In 2016, the self-assisted complete HBSA scheme has been presented using cross-Kerr nonlinearity, which can reduce the nonlinear optical resource used in complete HBSA (Li and Ghose, 2016). Recently, the HBSA for six-qubit three DOFs of photon system has attracted much attention, and the nondestructive HBSA scheme (Liu et al., 2016) for polarization-double longitudinal momentum DOFs and deterministic HBSA schemes for polarization-spatial-time-bin DOFs have been proposed with cross-Kerr nonlinearity (Wang et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2021).

In this article, we propose a self-assisted deterministic HBSA scheme for polarization-double longitudinal momentum DOFs of photon system. First, we construct a nondestructive first longitudinal momentum Bell state analyzer to completely distinguish the four first longitudinal momentum Bell states without destructing the hyperentangled Bell state. Then we use the self-assisted second longitudinal momentum-polarization hyperentangled Bell state analyzer to completely distinguish the 16 second longitudinal momentum-polarization hyperentangled Bell states, where the first longitudinal momentum Bell state and time-bin entangled state are used as auxiliary. In this scheme, only the nondestructive first longitudinal momentum Bell state analyzer is constructed with cross-Kerr nonlinearity medium, and the self-assisted second longitudinal momentum-polarization hyperentangled Bell state analyzer is constructed with linear optical elements, which has largely reduced the application of nonlinear optical resource in HBSA scheme. With these amazing results, this self-assisted deterministic HBSA scheme has potential application prospects in high-capacity quantum communication.

2 Self-assisted deterministic hyperentangled-Bell-state analysis

In this section, we will introduce the self-assisted deterministic HBSA for polarization and double longitudinal momentum DOFs of photon system, assisted by cross-Kerr nonlinearity medium and time-bin DOF. The hyperentangled Bell state can be described as|φ_F⟩ represents one of four first longitudinal momentum Bell states, which are described as|φ_S⟩ represents one of 4 second longitudinal momentum Bell states, which are described as|φ_P⟩ represents one of four polarization Bell states, which are described as

Here the subscripts A and B denote the two hyperentangled photons. The subscripts F, S and p denote the first longitudinal momentum DOF, second longitudinal momentum DOF, and polarization DOF. r and l represent the right and left modes of the first longitudinal momentum DOF . E and I denote the external and internal modes of the second longitudinal momentum DOF . The Bell states of the first longitudinal momentum DOF and the second longitudinal momentum DOF have been generated in experiment by using a two-crystal system constituted of two type I β barium borate BBO crystal slabs, where the two crystal slabs are aligned one behind the other (Vallone et al., 2009). H and V represent the horizontal and the vertical polarizations of photon. |φ(t)⟩ represents the entangled state of time-bin qudits of infinite dimension, where t is the time since photon pair creation and (Williams et al., 2017). The 64 polarization-double longitudinal momentum hyperentangled Bell states are determinately discriminated with two steps. The first step is implemented by nondestructive first longitudinal momentum Bell state analyzer, and the second step is implemented by self-assisted second longitudinal momentum-polarization hyperentangled Bell state analyzer.

2.1 Nondestructive first longitudinal momentum Bell state analyzer

The nondestructive first longitudinal momentum Bell state analyzer consists of two quantum nondemolition detectors (QNDs), which are constructed by cross-Kerr nonlinearity medium. The Hamiltonian of a cross-Kerr nonlinearity interaction is , where and a_s (a_p) represent the creation and annihilation operators of the signal (probe) state. ℏχ is the coupling strength of the cross-Kerr nonlinearity, and it is related to the material. If the signal state interacts with the probe state in the medium, the probe state will obtain a phase shift. For example, if the signal state is |ψ⟩_s = a|0⟩_s + b|1⟩_s and the probe state is the coherent state |α⟩_p, the effect of cross-Kerr nonlinearity can be expressed aswhere 0 and 1 represent the photon number of signal state and θ = ℏχt.

The first QND (QND₁) is constructed by four cross-Kerr nonlinearity mediums. After the signal state (hyperentangled state of photons AB) interacts with the probe state (coherent state) in cross-Kerr nonlinearity mediums as shown in Figure 1, the signal state and probe state will be evolved as

FIGURE 1

Then the probe state (coherent state) is measured using the X-quadrature measurement, where phase shifts differing in sign “±” can’t be distinguished in X-quadrature measurement. If the coherent state has no phase shift, the first longitudinal momentum DOF of two-photon system is in one of the even parity states . If the coherent state has a phase shift + β (−β), the first longitudinal momentum DOF of two-photon system is in one of the odd parity states . Therefore, the even parity states and odd parity states of the first longitudinal momentum DOF can be divided into two groups with QND₁.

Subsequently, the two photons pass through the 50:50 beam splitters (BSs) as shown in Figure 2, which have the evolutions as

FIGURE 2

Then the two photons pass through the second QND (QND₂), which has the same construction as QND₁, and the signal state and probe state will be evolved as

The probe state (coherent state) of QND₂ is measured using the X-quadrature measurement. If the coherent state has no phase shift, the first longitudinal momentum DOF of two-photon system is in one of the even parity states (the original states are and ). If the coherent state has a phase shift + β (−β), the first longitudinal momentum DOF of two-photon system is in one of the odd parity states (the original states are and ). Now, we can see that the four first longitudinal momentum Bell states can be completely distinguished by QND₁ and QND₂ (shown in Table 1). The 50:50 BSs after QND₂ are used to recover the first longitudinal momentum states to the original one.

2.2 Self-assisted second longitudinal momentum-polarization hyperentangled Bell state analyzer

In the self-assisted second longitudinal momentum-polarization hyperentangled Bell state analyzer, the 16 second longitudinal momentum-polarization hyperentangled Bell states can be completely distinguished using linear optics, where the first longitudinal momentum Bell state and time-bin entangled state are used as auxiliary. As there are four first longitudinal momentum Bell states, which have been distinguished by the nondestructive first longitudinal momentum Bell state analyzer, we use the auxiliary first longitudinal momentum Bell state |ϕ⁻⟩_F as an example to illustrate the auxiliary function of first longitudinal momentum Bell state.

The initial state of self-assisted second longitudinal momentum-polarization hyperentangled Bell state analyzer can be expressed aswhere |φ_S⟩⊗|φ_P⟩ represents one of 16 second longitudinal momentum-polarization hyperentangled Bell states. The quantum circuit of self-assisted second longitudinal momentum-polarization hyperentangled Bell state analyzer is shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4. Here we take the hyperentangled state as an example to describe the procedure of self-assisted second longitudinal momentum-polarization hyperentangled Bell state analyzer in detail, where

FIGURE 3

FIGURE 4

First, the two photons A and B pass through PBSs (polarzing beam splitter) and BSs shown in Figure 3. The function of PBS is transmitting horizontal polarization state |H⟩ and reflecting vertical polarization state |V⟩, where the spatial mode of photon is changed (invariant) for the reflecting (transmitting) case. The functions of PBSs are expressed aswhere X represents one of symbols E_A, E_B, I_A and I_B. The functions of 50:50 BSs in Figure 3 are expressed aswhere Y represents one of the symbols Il, Ir, El and Er. After the two photons pass through PBSs and BSs, the hyperentangled state is transferred to

Subsequently, the two photons pass through PBSs and BSs shown in Figure 4, where the time delay Δt is introduced between the PBSs and BSs. The functions of PBSs in Figure 4 are expressed aswhere W represents one of symbols l and r. The functions of 50:50 BSs in Figure 4 are expressed aswhere the symbols of first longitudinal momentum DOF are ignored for simplicity. After the two photons pass through PBSs and BSs, the hyperentangled state is transferred to

Here H′ (V′) represents the component that experiences a time delay Δt.

At last, the two photons pass through HWPs as shown in Figure 4, whose function are and . After passing through the HWPs, the state of two photons becomes:

Then the two photons pass through PBSs and they are detected at the output ports. The detection result is one of the 16 conditions , , , , , , and , and the two detectors are triggered with a time interval Δt. Here, the superscript “+” represents that detector is in the H port of PBS, and the superscript “-” represents that the detector is in the V port of PBS.

The other 15 second longitudinal momentum-polarization hyperentangled Bell states also can be distinguished by the quantum circuits shown in Figures 3, 4 using the first longitudinal momentum Bell state |ϕ⁻⟩_F as auxiliary. The detection results of 16 second longitudinal momentum-polarization hyperentangled Bell states assisted by the first longitudinal momentum Bell state |ϕ⁻⟩_F are shown in Table 2. If the first longitudinal momentum DOF of two-photon system is in one of other three Bell states, the 16 second longitudinal momentum-polarization hyperentangled Bell states also can be distinguished by the quantum circuits shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4 using the first longitudinal momentum Bell state as auxiliary. The detection results of 16 s longitudinal momentum-polarization hyperentangled Bell states assisted by the other three first longitudinal momentum Bell states are shown in Tables 3–5. Now, it is obvious that the 64 polarization-double longitudinal momentum hyperentangled Bell states are determinately discriminated with the two steps shown in Figures 1–4.

3 Discussion and summary

We have presented a self-assisted deterministic HBSA protocol for 64 two-photon hyperentangled Bell states in polarization and double longitudinal momentum DOFs. The self-assisted deterministic HBSA protocol is implemented with two steps. In the first step, the nondestructive first longitudinal momentum Bell-state analyzer is constructed for distinguishing the four first longitudinal momentum Bell states nondestructively, which consists of two QNDs using cross-Kerr nonlinearity medium. In the second step, the self-assisted second longitudinal momentum-polarization hyperentangled Bell state analyzer is constructed for distinguishing 16 second longitudinal momentum-polarization hyperentangled Bell states using linear optics, where the first longitudinal momentum Bell state and time-bin entangled state are used as auxiliary. With the detection results of QNDs and photon detectors, the 64 two-photon hyperentangled Bell states can be determinately read out as shown in Tables 1–5.

The cross-Kerr nonlinear medium is important for distinguishing the four Bell states of first longitudinal momentum DOF, which needs to distinguish the phase shift ± β of the coherent state from the phase shift 0, so the phase shift generated by the interaction between photons and coherent light directly affects the efficiency of nondestructive first longitudinal momentum Bell-state analyzer. In the past few years, great progresses have been made in the Kerr nonlinearity. In 2011, He et al. (2011) showed that the effects due to the transverse DOFs significantly affect the cross-phase modulation process, which made the single-photon-coherent-state interaction easier to be realized. But the inclusion of loss (nonunitary dynamics), noninstantaneous interactions (and the associated noise), and the effect of the forces due to the interaction on the motion of the pulses affect the interaction of photons with coherent light. In the work proposed by Hoi et al. (2013), the average cross-Kerr phase shift was demonstrated up to 20° per photon with both coherent microwave fields at the single-photon level. In this work, to achieve quantum nondemolition requires a higher signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio (e.g., SNR ≥0.6 under very general assumptions), while the SNR measured in experiment is only 0.38. Vinu and Roy, (2020) explored cross-Kerr nolinearity by a three-level emitter (3LE) embedded in a waveguide and driven by two light beams, where the values of the cross-Kerr phase shift for a ladder system with both the probe and drive fields at the single-photon level are similar to the experimentally observed value of approximately 10°. This interaction is weak as the resulting phase shift needs to be amplified in the measurement process. At present, the phase shift generated by the interaction between photons and coherent light in cross-Kerr medium is small and unstable in actual operation, and it is difficult to generate a corresponding phase shift every time, which is hard to achieve the requirement of QND. As QND constructed by cross-Kerr nonlinear medium is the essential device of BSA for first longitudinal momentum DOF, the efficiency of BSA for first longitudinal momentum DOF will be reduced by the weak interaction of photons and coherent light in cross-Kerr medium. Therefore, the strong interaction of photons and coherent light in cross-Kerr medium could improve the efficiency of BSA for first longitudinal momentum DOF.

In the self-assisted second longitudinal momentum-polarization hyperentangled Bell state analyzer, the time intervals 0 and Δt have divided the 16 hyperentangled Bell states into two groups, which is an important procedure for completely distinguishing 16 hyperentangled Bell states. The time delay Δt in Figure 4 is caused by the different lengths of the two spatial modes between the PBSs and BSs, which is longer than the resolution time of the photon detector in the nanometer scale. Moreover, time delay Δt needs to satisfy “ωΔt = 2mπ” (m is an integer) to ensure the constructive interference or destructive interference, i.e. the components of photons in the same polarization and longitudinal momentum modes with a time delay Δt can be interfering constructively or destructively, such as

Williams et al. (Williams et al., 2017) have experimentally demonstrated the time delay Δt = 5 ns (Δt = 10 ns) by setting the fiber lengths of the short and long arms of the interferometer to 1 and 2 m (2 and 4 m), and the resolution time of photon detector in their experiment is 4 ns.

In summary, we have presented a self-assisted deterministic HBSA protocol for photon systems entangled in polarization and double longitudinal momentum DOFs. The four first longitudinal momentum Bell states are distinguished by the nondestructive first longitudinal momentum Bell-state analyzer with cross-Kerr nonlinearity medium, and the 16 second longitudinal momentum-polarization hyperentangled Bell states are distinguished by the self-assisted second longitudinal momentum-polarization hyperentangled Bell state analyzer with the first longitudinal momentum Bell state and time-bin entangled state as auxiliary. By using self-assisted method, the application of cross-Kerr nonlinearity resource has been largely reduced in HBSA scheme for three DOFs of photon system, which makes this self-assisted deterministic HBSA scheme has potential application prospects in high-capacity quantum communication.

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