Perceptions of women rangers and barriers to enhancing gender diversity and environmental identity in Pakistan's ranger workforce: A case study from South Asia

Hamera Aisha¹Rizwana Aziz²Faiza Sharif³Britt Thielen⁴Rohit Singh^4*Haseena Anbarin⁵Fareeha Nasim¹Rabia Tahir¹

• ¹WWF-Pakistan, Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
• ²Punjab Wildlife and Parks Department, Govt. of Punjab, Pakistan, Punjab, Pakistan
• ³Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
• ⁴World Wildlife Fund (United States), Washington D.C., United States
• ⁵Ministry of Climate Change & Env. Coordination, Govt. of Pakistan, Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan

Gender diversity enhances conservation outcomes by fostering inclusive decision making and more effective policies that address a broader range of challenges. Yet, women remain significantly underrepresented in the ranger workforce, with Pakistan reporting only 2.6 per cent female representation. This study examines the barriers limiting women's participation in the ranger workforce of Pakistan, examining gender dynamics, workplace culture and institutional challenges. A mixed-method approach was used, collecting data through surveys, interviews and focus groups discussions across Pakistan's provincial and territorial wildlife, forest and fisheries departments. Findings show that systemic gender biases, limited career growth opportunities, workplace safety concerns and insufficient institutional support hinder women's participation and advancement in the ranger profession. Many females reported facing occupational segregation, exclusion from decision-making roles, and a lack of essential resources, such as appropriate uniforms and field accommodations. Beyond structural barriers, the study also draws on environmental psychology theories including place attachment, and environmental identity to explore how inclusive workplaces shape women's connection to nature, professional identity, and long-term engagement in conservation. Women contribute distinct strengths in community engagement, data collection, and stewardship. To promote gender equity, this study underscores the need for targeted policies and structural reforms that ensure safer and more inclusive work environments. Strengthening institutional frameworks and implementing gender-aware policies are critical steps towards fostering a gender diverse and included workforce.