The Gut-Brain Axis: Microbiota-Driven Immune Modulation and its Impact on Neurological Health

In recent years, significant attention has been given to the complex relationship between the gut and the central nervous system, known as the gut-brain axis. This axis plays a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of both systems. While the enteric nervous system and the vagus nerve contribute to this bidirectional communication, as well as the hormones produced by endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal system, gut microbiota and its metabolites are also key mediators. These metabolites can influence the activity of intestinal immune cells, leading to cytokine production. Both cytokines and microbial metabolites may enter the bloodstream, affecting distant body sites, including the brain.

Despite growing evidence linking gut microbiota dysbiosis to brain pathology, there is still limited understanding of the specific microbial metabolites and metabolic pathways involved in this process, as well as the mechanisms through which they influence brain function. A better understanding of these processes would allow the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the management of neurological disorders. This Research Topic will explore recent advances in understanding the critical role of gut microbes and their metabolites in brain homeostasis and disease. The main goal is to uncover new perspectives on the impact of microbiota-driven inflammation in the progression of brain diseases, while also outlining the metabolites and metabolic pathways that shape the immune mechanisms engaged. This Research Topic will also cover how dietary modifications, along with the incorporation of prebiotics and probiotics, can influence the management of brain dysfunction.

To achieve the goals of this Research Topic, original articles, review articles (narrative or systematic), mini-reviews and metanalysis covering the following themes will be welcome:

• Microbiota and the gut-brain axis
• Role of microbiota in inflammation-dependent neurodegenerative disorders
• Role of microbiota in inflammation-dependent psychiatric disorders
• Role of microbiota in sleep disorders
• Microbial metabolites / metabolic pathways affecting immune function and inflammation in the brain
• Modulation of microbiota and microbial metabolism for disease management and health promotion (including diet and the use of prebiotic and probiotic formulations)