The significance of understanding the human component in cybersecurity cannot be overstated, as it extends well beyond mere technical proficiency. Comprehending human behavior and engaging with people through various methods such as modeling, gamification, and the application of neuroergonomic methodologies is essential in building a resilient cybersecurity infrastructure.
From Venables, one can understand that modeling cyberspace must include humans as an integral component. Acknowledging the human factor emphasizes the need for a multidimensional approach to cybersecurity. By focusing on aspects such as geography, politics, and time, and not just technology, a more comprehensive view of cybersecurity can be achieved. This helps to understand not only the terrain of cyberspace but also the human motivations that drive malicious intent.
Cybersecurity exercise design can incorporate approaches that can aid in the acceleration of learning and developing a soft skill toolset, which has been identified as a key area (European Union Agency for Cybersecurity, 2022), by using, for example, gamification (Canham et al.) or applying neuroergonomic approaches (Ask et al.). The use of gamification in cybersecurity is emerging as an effective tool for both engagement and education. Interactive methods such as the Phish Derby competition utilize competition and prizes to incentivize learning, turning it into a fun and engaging experience. Gamification techniques can be applied to enhance situational awareness, making learning more immersive and intuitive. This approach can be especially useful for educating non-experts or the general public about complex cybersecurity concepts. But as identified by European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (2022) technical skills alone are insufficient in today's complex cybersecurity landscape and developing soft skills, i.e., effective communication, collaboration, and situational awareness, are equally vital. Whether it's through the creation of a Recognized Cyber Picture (RCP; Ask et al.) or the implementation of neuroergonomic principles to improve interpersonal situational awareness, nurturing these soft skills is essential. Fostering a culture that values both hard and soft skills is critical to achieving proficient cybersecurity protocols.
In order to achieve and validate these educational milestones, Pirta-Dreimane et al. showed that paradigms from other domains (intervention mapping; health) can be applied and help cybersecurity education developments. The need for well-designed educational frameworks that incorporate stakeholders' input and address specific competency requirements is paramount. The application of Intervention Mapping in the design of cybersecurity education, for instance, allows for a more structured and evidence-based approach. This highlights the importance of using well-grounded methodologies in both development and execution.
To objectively rate cybersecurity competencies, a balancing scoring of Cybersecurity Exercises must be accomplished. Mäses et al. demonstrated the complexity of achieving appropriate balance in scoring cybersecurity exercises, as seen in the Locked Shields case study, and illustrated the nuances involved in creating an effective and fair evaluation system. Clarity and transparency are essential to maintaining engagement and learning. This adds another layer to the intricate task of training and evaluating individuals in cybersecurity.
Conclusion
The global health crisis has brought about unique challenges. The rapid shift to remote work and learning has increased the risks of security breaches, while also placing greater stress on employees. Education and training must adapt to address these evolving dynamics and provide support for the new workplace environment. Cybersecurity education must be inclusive, considering experts, workforce employees, and the general public. Tailoring strategies to meet the needs of different groups is crucial. Having a holistic approach ensures that education and awareness permeate all levels of society, thus enhancing overall cybersecurity resilience.
The complexities of cybersecurity education call for a multifaceted approach that recognizes the human factor at its core. The intertwining of technological, psychological, sociological, and pedagogical elements requires continuous research, collaboration, and innovation. The insights from gamification, the focus on soft skills, the need for comprehensive frameworks, and the importance of adapting to societal changes, such as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, highlight the intricate nature of this field. Together, these aspects forge a path toward a future where cybersecurity education is agile, inclusive, and robust, ready to meet the ever-changing challenges of the digital age.
Statements
Author contributions
RL: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. SS: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. BK: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. LB: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. AB: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. OM: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing.
Funding
This work was supported through ACDICOM, and the research project was funded by the Research Council of Norway, through the SAMRISK program (#302941). This work was also supported by the EU Horizon2020 project MariCybERA (agreement No. 952360) and the Advancing Human Performance in Cybersecurity, benefits from nearly €1 million grant from Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway through the EEA Grants. Project contract with the Research Council of Lithuania (LMTLT) No. is S-BMT-21-6 (LT08-2-LMT-K-01-051).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
References
1
European Union Agency for Cybersecurity ENISA. (2022). European Cybersecurity Skills Framework. Available online at: https://www.enisa.europa.eu/topics/cybersecurity-education/european-cybersecurity-skills-framework/ecsf-profiles-v-0-5-draft-release.pdf (accessed August 6, 2023).
Summary
Keywords
human factor (HF), cyber defense exercises, cybersecurity (CS), cybersecurity training, cybersecurity education
Citation
Lugo RG, Sütterlin S, Knox BJ, Bukauskas L, Brilingaitė A and Maennel OM (2023) Editorial: The human factor in cyber security education. Front. Educ. 8:1277282. doi: 10.3389/feduc.2023.1277282
Received
14 August 2023
Accepted
20 September 2023
Published
27 October 2023
Volume
8 - 2023
Edited and reviewed by
Terrell Lamont Strayhorn, Virginia Union University, United States
Updates
Copyright
© 2023 Lugo, Sütterlin, Knox, Bukauskas, Brilingaitė and Maennel.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Ricardo G. Lugo ricardo.g.lugo@ntnu.no
Disclaimer
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.